{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:54:34Z","timestamp":1792000474919,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary and serological markers play an essential role in the diagnostic process of autoimmune diseases. However, to date, specific and reliable biomarkers for diagnosing Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease (BD) are still lacking, negatively affecting the management of these patients. To analyze the currently available literature on serological and urinary BD biomarkers investigated in the last 25 years, we performed a systematic literature review using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes (PICO) strategy. One hundred eleven studies met the eligibility criteria (6301 BD patients, 5163 controls). Most of them were retrospective, while five (5%) were prospective. One hundred ten studies (99%) investigated serological biomarkers and only two (2%) focused on urinary biomarkers. One hundred three studies (93%) explored the diagnostic potential of the biomolecules, whereas sixty-two (56%) tested their effect on disease activity monitoring. Most articles reported an increase in inflammatory markers and pro-oxidant molecules, with a decrease in antioxidants. Promising results have been shown by the omics sciences, offering a more holistic approach. Despite the vast number of investigated markers, existing evidence indicates a persistent gap in BD diagnostic\/prognostic indices. While new steps have been taken in the direction of pathogenesis and disease monitoring, international efforts for the search of a diagnostic marker for BD are still needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24033041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1675652252000},"page":"3041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Finding the Needle in the Haystack: Serological and Urinary Biomarkers in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Arbrile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1941-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Radin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-Net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6171-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Medica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Miraglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Rilat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-Net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Grazietta","family":"Foddai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-Net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Barinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-6323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Menegatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-Net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4419-6813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Roccatello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-Net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1266-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savino","family":"Sciascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Specialization of Clinical Pathology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-Net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) with Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01067","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease: An Overview of Etiopathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Leccese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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