{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:48:29Z","timestamp":1792036109232,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Chile"},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID-Chile)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroinflammation is a common event in degenerative diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system, triggered by alterations in the immune system or inflammatory cascade. The pathophysiology of these disorders is multifactorial, whereby the therapy available has low clinical efficacy. This review propounds the relationship between the deregulation of T helper cells and hypoxia, mainly Th17 and HIF-1\u03b1 molecular pathways, events that are involved in the occurrence of the neuroinflammation. The clinical expression of neuroinflammation is included in prevalent pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, among others. In addition, therapeutic targets are analyzed in relation to the pathways that induced neuroinflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1675652252000},"page":"3073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Relationship between Hypoxic and Immune Pathways Activation in the Progression of Neuroinflammation: Role of HIF-1\u03b1 and Th17 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1616-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consuelo","family":"Arias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Odontolog\u00eda y Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Santiago 7500922, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Precl\u00ednicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-1326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo L.","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna Oriente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500922, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5112-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis A.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: Where do we go from here?","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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