{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:15:42Z","timestamp":1787962542048,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-altitude environments dramatically influenced the genetic evolution of vertebrates. However, little is known about the role of RNA editing on high-altitude adaptation in non-model species. Here, we profiled the RNA editing sites (RESs) of heart, lung, kidney, and longissimus dorsi muscle from Tibetan cashmere goats (TBG, 4500 m) and Inner Mongolia cashmere goats (IMG, 1200 m) to reveal RNA editing-related functions of high-altitude adaptation in goats. We identified 84,132 high-quality RESs that were unevenly distributed across the autosomes in TBG and IMG, and more than half of the 10,842 non-redundant editing sites were clustered. The majority (62.61%) were adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) sites, followed by cytidine-to-uridine (C-to-U) sites (19.26%), and 32.5% of them had a significant correlation with the expression of catalytic genes. Moreover, A-to-I and C-to-U RNA editing sites had different flanking sequences, amino acid mutations, and alternative splicing activity. TBG had higher editing levels of A-to-I and C-to-U than IMG in the kidney, whereas a lower level was found in the longissimus dorsi muscle. Furthermore, we identified 29 IMG and 41 TBG population-specific editing sites (pSESs) and 53 population-differential editing sites (pDESs) that were functionally involved in altering RNA splicing or recoding protein products. It is worth noting that 73.3% population-differential, 73.2% TBG-specific, and 80% IMG-specific A-to-I sites were nonsynonymous sites. Moreover, the pSESs and pDESs editing-related genes play critical functions in energy metabolisms such as ATP binding molecular function, translation, and adaptive immune response, which may be linked to goat high-altitude adaptation. Our results provide valuable information for understanding the adaptive evolution of goats and studying plateau-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T03:34:30Z","timestamp":1675654470000},"page":"3115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Profiles and Functions of RNA Editing Sites Associated with High-Altitude Adaptation in Goats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2459-3499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6857-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxue","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3449-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyuan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiazhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3429-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9672-7703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8290-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/341662a0","article-title":"RNA editing in plant mitochondria","volume":"341","author":"Covello","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90568-J","article-title":"RNA editing in brain controls a determinant of ion flow in glutamate-gated channels","volume":"67","author":"Sommer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0787-9_14","article-title":"Proteome Diversification by RNA Editing","volume":"2181","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. 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