{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T17:46:07Z","timestamp":1792950367900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]],"date-time":"2023-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cause of death worldwide. The incidence of VTE varies according to different countries, ranging from 1\u20132 per 1000 person-years in Western Countries, while it is lower in Eastern Countries (&lt;1 per 1000 person-years). Many risk factors have been identified in patients developing VTE, but the relative contribution of each risk factor to thrombotic risk, as well as pathogenetic mechanisms, have not been fully described. Herewith, we provide a comprehensive review of the most common risk factors for VTE, including male sex, diabetes, obesity, smoking, Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A Gene Mutation, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement, long-haul flight, residual venous thrombosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, trauma and fractures, pregnancy, immobilization, antiphospholipid syndrome, surgery and cancer. Regarding the latter, the incidence of VTE seems highest in pancreatic, liver and non-small cells lung cancer (&gt;70 per 1000 person-years) and lowest in breast, melanoma and prostate cancer (&lt;20 per 1000 person-years). In this comprehensive review, we summarized the prevalence of different risk factors for VTE and the potential molecular mechanisms\/pathogenetic mediators leading to VTE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T03:34:30Z","timestamp":1675654470000},"page":"3169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":325,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism: From Epidemiology to Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Pastori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito Maria","family":"Cormaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Marucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Franchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7781-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Del Sole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Capozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Fallarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Corso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9729-3214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Menichelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialty Paride Stefanini, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2265-7455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Pignatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e583","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30211-8","article-title":"Mortality risk associated with venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Klemen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet 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