{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T01:19:49Z","timestamp":1776388789363,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many studies have been published assessing the association between the presence of S. aureus genes and outcomes in patients with bone and joint infections (BJI), but it is not known if they have had similar findings. A systematic literature review was performed. All available data on studies in Pubmed between January 2000 to October 2022 reporting the genetic characteristics of S. aureus and the outcomes of BJIs were analyzed. BJI included prosthetic joint infection (PJI), osteomyelitis (OM), diabetic foot infection (DFI), and septic arthritis. Because of the heterogeneity of studies and outcomes, no meta-analysis was performed. With the search strategy, 34 articles were included: 15 articles on children and 19 articles on adults. In children, most BJI studied were OM (n = 13) and septic arthritis (n = 9). Panton Valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes were associated with higher biological inflammatory markers at presentation (n = 4 studies), more febrile days (n = 3), and more complicated\/severe infection (n = 4). Other genes were reported anecdotally associated with poor outcomes. In adults, six studies reported outcomes in patients with PJI, 2 with DFI, 3 with OM, and 3 with various BJI. Several genes were associated with a variety of poor outcomes in adults, but studies found contradictory results. Whereas PVL genes were associated with poor outcomes in children, no specific genes were reported similarly in adults. Additional studies with homogenous BJI and larger sample sizes are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T01:56:48Z","timestamp":1675735008000},"page":"3234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Staphylococcus aureus Genomic Analysis and Outcomes in Patients with Bone and Joint Infections: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2177-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Bouiller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CHU Besan\u00e7on, F-25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, F-25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1926-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Z.","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urish, K.L., and Cassat, J.E. (2020). Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis: Bone, Bugs, and Surgery. Infect. Immun., 88.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00932-19"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2203477","article-title":"Periprosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"388","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0147-4","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Overview of Basic and Clinical Research","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.01.018","article-title":"Clonal Complex 398 Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections Are Associated with High Mortality","volume":"22","author":"Bouiller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz112","article-title":"Changing Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Results From a 21-Year, Prospective, Longitudinal Study","volume":"69","author":"Souli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0001-x","article-title":"Clonal Differences in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia-Associated Mortality","volume":"2","author":"Recker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.03.030","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Clones Causing Osteomyelitis: A Literature Review (2000-2020)","volume":"26","author":"Monaco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.01.012","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Native Arthritis over 10 Years","volume":"50","author":"Viedma","year":"2020","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Et. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kok, E.Y., Vallejo, J.G., Sommer, L.M., Rosas, L., Kaplan, S.L., Hulten, K.G., and McNeil, J.C. (2018). Association of Vancomycin MIC and Molecular Characteristics with Clinical Outcomes in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Acute Hematogenous Osteoarticular Infections in Children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 62.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00084-18"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31814536e0","article-title":"Increase of the USA300 Clone Among Community-Acquired Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Causing Invasive Infections","volume":"26","author":"McCaskill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNeil, J.C., Sommer, L.M., Boyle, M., Hogan, P., Vallejo, J.G., Hult\u00e9n, K.G., Flores, A.R., Kaplan, S.L., and Fritz, S. (2020). Cefazolin Inoculum Effect and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Osteoarticular Infections in Children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 64.","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00703-20"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaviria-Agudelo, C., Aroh, C., Tareen, N., Wakeland, E.K., Kim, M., and Copley, L.A. (2015). Genomic Heterogeneity of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Variation in Severity of Illness among Children with Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130415"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00674","article-title":"The Impact of Staphylococcus aureus Genomic Variation on Clinical Phenotype of Children with Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis","volume":"4","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01915","article-title":"Pathologic Fractures in Children with Acute Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis","volume":"94","author":"Belthur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0566","article-title":"Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes Are Associated with Enhanced Inflammatory Response and Local Disease in Acute Hematogenous Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis in Children","volume":"117","author":"Bocchini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000859","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Osteoarticular Infections in Children: An 8-Year Review of Molecular Microbiology, Antibiotic Resistance and Clinical Characteristics","volume":"67","author":"Bouras","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181adbcfe","article-title":"USA300 Is the Predominant Genotype Causing Staphylococcus aureus Septic Arthritis in Children","volume":"28","author":"Hulten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318133a85e","article-title":"Pediatric Bone and Joint Infections Caused by Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"26","author":"Dohin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002640","article-title":"Pediatric Community-Acquired Bone and Joint Staphylococcus aureus Infections In Europe: Severe Infections Are Associated to Panton-Valentine Leucocidin Presence","volume":"39","author":"Bellusci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000133044.79130.2a","article-title":"Community-Acquired, Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Musculoskeletal Infections in Children","volume":"23","author":"Hulten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz109","article-title":"Clinical and Microbiologic Variables Predictive of Orthopedic Complications Following Staphylococcus aureus Acute Hematogenous Osteoarticular Infections in Children","volume":"69","author":"McNeil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/ajps.AJPS_18_21","article-title":"Paediatric Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus Producing Panton-Valentine Leucocidin in Morocco: Risk Factors and Clinical Features","volume":"19","author":"Moutaouakkil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr. J. Paediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01713.x","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Producing Panton-Valentine Leukocidin as a Cause of Acute Osteomyelitis in Children","volume":"13","author":"Sdougkos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02355","article-title":"Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL) as a Potential Indicator for Prevalence, Duration, and Severity of Staphylococcus aureus Osteomyelitis","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouiller, K., Hocquet, D., Sauget, M., Bertrand, X., and Chirouze, C. (2020). Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Staphylococcus aureus CC398 Bone and Joint Infections. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05098-0"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O772","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12567","article-title":"Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398: High Prevalence and Geographical Heterogeneity in Bone and Joint Infection and Nasal Carriage","volume":"20","author":"Valour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.-L., Huang, T.-Y., Hsu, W.-B., Lee, C.-W., Chiang, Y.-C., Chang, P.-J., and Peng, K.-T. (2022). Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Periprosthetic Joint Infections. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070719"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa344","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa344","article-title":"Genotypic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infections: Insight on the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of a Multicenter Prospective Cohort","volume":"7","author":"Viedma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trobos, M., Firdaus, R., Svensson Malchau, K., Tillander, J., Arnellos, D., Rolfson, O., Thomsen, P., and Lasa, I. (2022). Genomics of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis from Periprosthetic Joint Infections and Correlation to Clinical Outcome. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02181-21"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5938","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62751-z","article-title":"Genomic Characterization and Outcome of Prosthetic Joint Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"10","author":"Wildeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.07.013","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Chronic Osteomyelitis Are Characterized by High Host Cell Invasion and Intracellular Adaptation, but Still Induce Inflammation","volume":"304","author":"Kalinka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-017-1011-6","article-title":"Influence of Molecular Characteristics in the Prognosis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infections: Beyond the Species and the Antibiogram","volume":"45","author":"Viedma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Gallego, I., Mel\u00e9ndez-Carmona, M.\u00c1., Lora-Tamayo, J., Garrido-Allepuz, C., Chaves, F., Sebasti\u00e1n, V., and Viedma, E. (2022). Microbiological and Molecular Features Associated with Persistent and Relapsing Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic Joint Infection. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081119"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2020.1823108","article-title":"Epidemiology, Resistance Characteristics, Virulence Determinants, and Treatment Outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus Bone and Joint Infections: A One-Year Prospective Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India","volume":"114","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"117","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of Osteomyelitis Patients Infected with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA-300 Strains","volume":"41","author":"Peyrani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop. (Belle Mead NJ)"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valour, F., Rasigade, J.-P., Trouillet-Assant, S., Gagnaire, J., Bouaziz, A., Karsenty, J., Lacour, C., Bes, M., Lustig, S., and B\u00e9net, T. (2015). Delta-Toxin Production Deficiency in Staphylococcus aureus: A Diagnostic Marker of Bone and Joint Infection Chronicity Linked with Osteoblast Invasion and Biofilm Formation. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.01.026"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734618764237","article-title":"Virulence Factor Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Diabetic Foot Soft Tissue and Bone Infections","volume":"17","author":"Lipsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Low Extrem. Wounds"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw060","article-title":"Emergence of a Small Colony Variant of Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a Patient with Septic Arthritis during Long-Term Treatment with Daptomycin","volume":"71","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cafiso, V., Lo Verde, F., Zega, A., Pigola, G., Rostagno, R., Borr\u00e8, S., and Stefani, S. (2021). Genomic Characterization of a New Biofilm-Forming and Adhesive ST398 Human-Adapted MSSA Lineage Causing Septic Knee Arthritis Following Surgical Reconstruction. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020305"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00363","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants (SCVs): News From a Chronic Prosthetic Joint Infection","volume":"9","author":"Loss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25031","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus Genotype Variation among and within Periprosthetic Joint Infections","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12582","article-title":"Adaptive Processes of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates during the Progression from Acute to Chronic Bone and Joint Infections in Patients","volume":"18","author":"Gonzaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00081-09","article-title":"Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Clinical Consequences of an Emerging Epidemic","volume":"23","author":"David","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0110-4","article-title":"Demographic Fluctuation of Community-Acquired Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Lineages: Potential Role of Flimsy Antibiotic Exposure","volume":"12","author":"Gustave","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13730","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13730","article-title":"Bacterial Genotype and Clinical Outcomes in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia","volume":"23","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782045","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.782045","article-title":"Clonal Diversity and Epidemiological Characteristics of ST239-MRSA Strains","volume":"12","author":"Sewid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01174","article-title":"Quorum-Sensing Regulation in Staphylococci\u2014An Overview","volume":"6","author":"Le","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.09.002","article-title":"What Role Does the Quorum-Sensing Accessory Gene Regulator System Play during Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia?","volume":"22","author":"Painter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77729-0","article-title":"Dysfunctional Accessory Gene Regulator (Agr) as a Prognostic Factor in Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.5.1492-1502.2002","article-title":"Accessory Gene Regulator (Agr) Locus in Geographically Diverse Staphylococcus aureus Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin","volume":"46","author":"Sakoulas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagnaire, J., Dauwalder, O., Boisset, S., Khau, D., Freydi\u00e8re, A.-M., Ader, F., Bes, M., Lina, G., Tristan, A., and Reverdy, M.-E. (2012). Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Delta-Toxin Production by Whole-Cell MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040660"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.68.981","article-title":"Bacterial Two-Component and Hetero-Heptameric Pore-Forming Cytolytic Toxins: Structures, Pore-Forming Mechanism, and Organization of the Genes","volume":"68","author":"Kaneko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70238-4","article-title":"The Role of the Panton-Valentine Leucocidin Toxin in Staphylococcal Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shallcross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1086\/313461","article-title":"Involvement of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Producing Staphylococcus aureus in Primary Skin Infections and Pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"Lina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1752395","article-title":"Prevalence, Clinical Expression, Invasiveness and Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus Containing Panton-Valentine Leukocidin in Children Treated in a University Hospital of Lithuania","volume":"52","author":"Petraitiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004445","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04445-2020","article-title":"Prognostic Factors of Severe Community-Acquired Staphylococcal Pneumonia in France","volume":"58","author":"Gillet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e31822d8978","article-title":"Panton Valentine Leukocidin Exotoxin Has No Effect on the Outcome of Cancer Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infections","volume":"90","author":"Campo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim)"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01352-12","article-title":"Genotyping of 353 Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates Collected between 2004 and 2009 at a Norwegian University Hospital and Potential Associations with Clinical Parameters","volume":"50","author":"Aamot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.06.021","article-title":"Adult Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Taiwan: Clinical Significance of Non-Multi-Resistant Antibiogram and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, M.D., Kausar, H., Smith, S., Lazar, P.G., Kroll-Desrosiers, A.R., Iii, C.H., Barton, B.A., Ward, D.V., and Iii, R.T.E. (2022). Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Positive Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265476"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.03.012","article-title":"Whole Genome Sequencing and Molecular Epidemiology of Paediatric Staphylococcus aureus Bacteraemia","volume":"29","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686793","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.686793","article-title":"Searching for the Secret of Stickiness: How Biofilms Adhere to Surfaces","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1596-8","article-title":"Molecular Fingerprinting of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients with Osteomyelitis in Argentina and Clonal Distribution of the Cap5(8) Genes and of Other Selected Virulence Genes","volume":"31","author":"Lattar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01214-08","article-title":"Capsule Expression and Genotypic Differences among Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Patients with Chronic or Acute Osteomyelitis","volume":"77","author":"Lattar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyle-Vavra, S., Li, X., Alam, M.T., Read, T.D., Sieth, J., Cywes-Bentley, C., Dobbins, G., David, M.Z., Kumar, N., and Eells, S.J. (2015). USA300 and USA500 Clonal Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus Do Not Produce a Capsular Polysaccharide Due to Conserved Mutations in the Cap5 Locus. mBio, 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02585-14"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-2866-1","article-title":"Success after Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Delphi-Based International Multidisciplinary Consensus","volume":"471","author":"Higuera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/3234\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:26:09Z","timestamp":1760120769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/3234"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24043234"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24043234","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}}}