{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:40:42Z","timestamp":1780328442514,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31872367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872367"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32272903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272903"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity induces lipodystrophy and metabolic inflammation. Microbe-derived antioxidants (MA) are novel small-molecule nutrients obtained from microbial fermentation, and have anti-oxidation, lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects. Whether MA can regulate obesity-induced lipodystrophy and metabolic inflammation has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MA on oxidative stress, lipid disorders, and metabolic inflammation in liver and epididymal adipose tissues (EAT) of mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Results showed that MA was able to reverse the HFD-induced increase in body weight, body fat rate and Lee\u2019s index in mice; reduce the fat content in serum, liver and EAT; and regulate the INS, LEP and resistin adipokines as well as free fatty acids to their normal levels. MA also reduced de novo synthesis of fat in the liver and EAT and promoted gene expression for lipolysis, fatty acid transport and \u03b2-oxidation. MA decreased TNF-\u03b1 and MCP1 content in serum, elevated SOD activity in liver and EAT, induced macrophage polarization toward the M2 type, inhibited the NLRP3 pathway, increased gene expression of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-13 and suppressed gene expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and MCP1, thereby attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation induced by HFD. In conclusion, MA can effectively reduce HFD-induced weight gain and alleviate obesity-induced oxidative stress, lipid disorders and metabolic inflammation in the liver and EAT, indicating that MA shows great promise as a functional food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T03:01:45Z","timestamp":1675825305000},"page":"3269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Microbe-Derived Antioxidants Alleviate Liver and Adipose Tissue Lipid Disorders and Metabolic Inflammation Induced by High Fat Diet in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Qingying","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-7795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengbing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weina","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9769-463X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongcai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxiong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology\/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200241, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13214","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13214","article-title":"Thinness, overweight, and obesity in 6- to 9-year-old children from 36 countries: The World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative-COSI 2015\u20132017","volume":"22","author":"Spinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. 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