{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:34:51Z","timestamp":1790210091194,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI19-00584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19-00584"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI22\/01404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01404"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PMP22\/00021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00021"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["FI20\/00035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI20\/00035"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["iTIRONET P2022\/BMD7379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["iTIRONET P2022\/BMD7379"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PEJ-2020-AI_BMD-18292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEJ-2020-AI_BMD-18292"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid","award":["PI19-00584"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19-00584"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid","award":["PI22\/01404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI22\/01404"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid","award":["PMP22\/00021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMP22\/00021"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid","award":["FI20\/00035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI20\/00035"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid","award":["iTIRONET P2022\/BMD7379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["iTIRONET P2022\/BMD7379"]}]},{"name":"Comunidad de Madrid","award":["PEJ-2020-AI_BMD-18292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEJ-2020-AI_BMD-18292"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A state of chronic inflammation is common in organs affected by autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Epithelial cells, such as thyroid follicular cells (TFCs), can experience a total or partial transition to a mesenchymal phenotype under these conditions. One of the major cytokines involved in this phenomenon is transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2), which, at the initial stages of autoimmune disorders, plays an immunosuppressive role. However, at chronic stages, TGF- \u03b2 contributes to fibrosis and\/or transition to mesenchymal phenotypes. The importance of primary cilia (PC) has grown in recent decades as they have been shown to play a key role in cell signaling and maintaining cell structure and function as mechanoreceptors. Deficiencies of PC can trigger epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT) and exacerbate autoimmune diseases. A set of EMT markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, \u03b1-SMA, and fibronectin) were evaluated in thyroid tissues from AITD patients and controls through RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot (WB). We established an in vitro TGF-\u03b2\u2013stimulation assay in a human thyroid cell line to assess EMT and PC disruption. EMT markers were evaluated in this model using RT-qPCR and WB, and PC was evaluated with a time-course immunofluorescence assay. We found an increased expression of the mesenchymal markers \u03b1-SMA and fibronectin in TFCs in the thyroid glands of AITD patients. Furthermore, E-cadherin expression was maintained in these patients compared to the controls. The TGF-\u03b2-stimulation assay showed an increase in EMT markers, including vimentin, \u03b1-SMA, and fibronectin in thyroid cells, as well as a disruption of PC. The TFCs from the AITD patients experienced a partial transition to a mesenchymal phenotype, preserving epithelial characteristics associated with a disruption in PC, which might contribute to AITD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T03:57:16Z","timestamp":1675828636000},"page":"3359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition Markers in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Sacrist\u00e1n-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14\/ER\/12), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Serrano-Somavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14\/ER\/12), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00eda","family":"Castro-Espadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"S\u00e1nchez de la Blanca Carrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14\/ER\/12), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Sampedro-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14\/ER\/12), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1439-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-De-Nova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4912-1025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Molina-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Rosell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1158-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Marazuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14\/ER\/12), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2479-1882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Princesa, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, C\/Diego de Le\u00f3n 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER GCV14\/ER\/12), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Urbanizaci\u00f3n Montepr\u00edncipe, Alcorc\u00f3n, 28925 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Weetman, A., and DeGroot, L.J. 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