{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:36:27Z","timestamp":1788906987235,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFF0501604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0501604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.2018A0303130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2018A0303130105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.2016A030313679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2016A030313679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFF0501604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0501604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.2018A0303130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2018A0303130105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NO.2016A030313679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2016A030313679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2021YFF0501604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFF0501604"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["82072507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072507"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["NO.2018A0303130105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2018A0303130105"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China","award":["NO.2016A030313679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.2016A030313679"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The progression and remission of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) are quite unpredictable due to the ambiguous pathomechanisms. Spontaneous functional recovery (SFR) has been commonly implicated in the natural course of incomplete acute spinal cord injury (SCI), while the evidence and underlying pathomechanisms of neurovascular unit (NVU) compensation involved in SFR remains poorly understood in CSM. In this study, we investigate whether compensatory change of NVU, in particular in the adjacent level of the compressive epicenter, is involved in the natural course of SFR, using an established experimental CSM model. Chronic compression was created by an expandable water-absorbing polyurethane polymer at C5 level. Neurological function was dynamically assessed by BBB scoring and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) up to 2 months. (Ultra)pathological features of NVUs were presented by histopathological and TEM examination. Quantitative analysis of regional vascular profile area\/number (RVPA\/RVPN) and neuroglial cells numbers were based on the specific EBA immunoreactivity and neuroglial biomarkers, respectively. Functional integrity of blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) was detected by Evan blue extravasation test. Although destruction of the NVU, including disruption of the BSCB, neuronal degeneration and axon demyelination, as well as dramatic neuroglia reaction, were found in the compressive epicenter and spontaneous locomotor and sensory function recovery were verified in the modeling rats. In particular, restoration of BSCB permeability and an evident increase in RVPA with wrapping proliferated astrocytic endfeet in gray matter and neuron survival and synaptic plasticity were confirmed in the adjacent level. TEM findings also proved ultrastructural restoration of the NVU. Thus, NVU compensation changes in the adjacent level may be one of the essential pathomechanisms of SFR in CSM, which could be a promising endogenous target for neurorestoration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T01:59:43Z","timestamp":1675907983000},"page":"3408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neurovascular Unit Compensation from Adjacent Level May Contribute to Spontaneous Functional Recovery in Experimental Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Guang-Sheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8877-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang-Heng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-Xiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Song","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0305-5616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Division of Orthopedic and Traumatology Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524002, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2019.0529","article-title":"SRmuCT Reveals 3D Microstructural Alterations of the Vascular and Neuronal Network in a Rat Model of Chronic Compressive Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06298-7","article-title":"Patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy have signs of blood spinal cord barrier disruption, and its magnitude correlates with myelopathy severity: A prospective comparative cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Blume","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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