{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:54:58Z","timestamp":1791320098994,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":313,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]],"date-time":"2023-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ01712402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01712402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5120200313836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5120200313836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education of Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ01712402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01712402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education of Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5120200313836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5120200313836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with cognitive decline. Despite worldwide efforts to find a cure, no proper treatment has been developed yet, and the only effective countermeasure is to prevent the disease progression by early diagnosis. The reason why new drug candidates fail to show therapeutic effects in clinical studies may be due to misunderstanding the cause of AD. Regarding the cause of AD, the most widely known is the amyloid cascade hypothesis, in which the deposition of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau is the cause. However, many new hypotheses were suggested. Among them, based on preclinical and clinical evidence supporting a connection between AD and diabetes, insulin resistance has been pointed out as an important factor in the development of AD. Therefore, by reviewing the pathophysiological background of brain metabolic insufficiency and insulin insufficiency leading to AD pathology, we will discuss how can insulin resistance cause AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T02:56:13Z","timestamp":1675997773000},"page":"3506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["How Can Insulin Resistance Cause Alzheimer\u2019s Disease?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ji Hye","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Age-Tech Service Convergence Major, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JooHyun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Age-Tech Service Convergence Major, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Un","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhyuk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Age-Tech Service Convergence Major, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Won","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Health Park Co., Ltd., Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Yun","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9347-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungho","family":"Maeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Age-Tech Service Convergence Major, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Graduate School of East\u2013West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03464.x","article-title":"Insulin resistance and pathological brain ageing","volume":"28","author":"Cholerton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v2","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.082867","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors of dementia","volume":"76","author":"Scheltens","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70227-9","article-title":"Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Rationale and strategies","volume":"18","author":"Grundman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110387547","article-title":"Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: A revised (second) consensus statement from the British Association for Psychopharmacology","volume":"25","author":"Burns","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.05.008","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease drug development pipeline: 2019","volume":"5","author":"Cummings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb5398","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb5398","article-title":"Molecular subtyping of Alzheimer\u2019s disease using RNA sequencing data reveals novel mechanisms and targets","volume":"7","author":"Neff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000052","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and asymptomatic Alzheimer disease subjects: Equivalent beta-amyloid and tau loads with divergent cognitive outcomes","volume":"73","author":"Iacono","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100801","article-title":"Metabolic profiling distinguishes three subtypes of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Bredesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.11.008","article-title":"Neocortical origin and progression of gray matter atrophy in nonamnestic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"63","author":"Phillips","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170829114346","article-title":"Association Between Psychosis Phenotype and APOE Genotype on the Clinical Profiles of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-005-1762-7","article-title":"Brain glucose metabolism in the early and specific diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. FDG-PET studies in MCI and AD","volume":"32","author":"Mosconi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0132-6","article-title":"Oxidative stress, dysfunctional glucose metabolism and Alzheimer disease","volume":"20","author":"Butterfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200619","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease is type 3 diabetes-evidence reviewed","volume":"2","author":"Wands","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022, September 20). WHO Report Dementia. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dementia."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0609-7","article-title":"Clinical trials of new drugs for Alzheimer disease","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1699-6","article-title":"Differential diagnosis between patients with probable Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia, or dementia with Lewy bodies and frontotemporal dementia, behavioral variant, using quantitative electroencephalographic features","volume":"124","author":"Garn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2006-9209","article-title":"Molecular indices of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction occur early and often progress with severity of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Wands","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Association, A. (2022, September 20). Medications for Memory, Cognition and Dementia-Related Behaviors. Available online: https:\/\/www.alz.org\/alzheimers-dementia\/treatments\/medications-for-memory."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-0960","article-title":"Accumulated amyloid-beta peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau protein: Relationship and links in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2003.12.015","article-title":"Tau protein and neurodegeneration","volume":"15","author":"Goedert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(99)00125-4","article-title":"What the evolution of the amyloid protein precursor supergene family tells us about its function","volume":"36","author":"Coulson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.1996.0016","article-title":"The gene defects responsible for familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Tanzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200802808","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: From pathology to therapeutic approaches","volume":"48","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.4.1081","article-title":"Cellular actions of beta-amyloid precursor protein and its soluble and fibrillogenic derivatives","volume":"77","author":"Mattson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90096-2","article-title":"Secreted form of amyloid beta protein precursor is involved in the growth regulation of fibroblasts","volume":"58","author":"Saitoh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7450","article-title":"Increase of synaptic density and memory retention by a peptide representing the trophic domain of the amyloid beta\/A4 protein precursor","volume":"91","author":"Roch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12683","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12683","article-title":"Memory-enhancing effects of secreted forms of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in normal and amnestic mice","volume":"95","author":"Meziane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2881053","article-title":"A 109-amino-acid C-terminal fragment of Alzheimer\u2019s-disease amyloid precursor protein contains a sequence, -RHDS-, that promotes cell adhesion","volume":"288","author":"Ghiso","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308655100","article-title":"Binding of F-spondin to amyloid-beta precursor protein: A candidate amyloid-beta precursor protein ligand that modulates amyloid-beta precursor protein cleavage","volume":"101","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90073-X","article-title":"beta-Amyloid precursor protein-deficient mice show reactive gliosis and decreased locomotor activity","volume":"81","author":"Zheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000095262","article-title":"The functions of mammalian amyloid precursor protein and related amyloid precursor-like proteins","volume":"3","author":"Anliker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006270","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006270","article-title":"Trafficking and proteolytic processing of APP","volume":"2","author":"Haass","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.001","article-title":"Sorting through the cell biology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Intracellular pathways to pathogenesis","volume":"52","author":"Small","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)02076-7","article-title":"Regulation of APP cleavage by alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretases","volume":"483","author":"Nunan","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.13.6075","article-title":"Beta-amyloid precursor protein cleavage by a membrane-bound protease","volume":"89","author":"Sisodia","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10737","article-title":"ADAMs family members as amyloid precursor protein alpha-secretases","volume":"74","author":"Allinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32449-3","article-title":"Evidence that production and release of amyloid beta-protein involves the endocytic pathway","volume":"269","author":"Koo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:23:1-2:105","article-title":"BACE1: The beta-secretase enzyme in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Vassar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.05.010","article-title":"The gamma-secretase complex: Machinery for intramembrane proteolysis","volume":"14","author":"Iwatsubo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.012","article-title":"Presenilin: Running with scissors in the membrane","volume":"131","author":"Selkoe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.155","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid levels of beta-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia","volume":"69","author":"Buchhave","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.022","article-title":"Mechanisms of AD neurodegeneration may be independent of Abeta and its derivatives","volume":"32","author":"Robakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2011.04.011","article-title":"Cdk5: Mediator of neuronal development, death and the response to DNA damage","volume":"132","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-8-16","article-title":"ApoE4 induces Abeta42, tau, and neuronal pathology in the hippocampus of young targeted replacement apoE4 mice","volume":"8","author":"Liraz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.11.030188.000333","article-title":"Microtubule-associated proteins: Their potential role in determining neuronal morphology","volume":"11","author":"Matus","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.5.1858","article-title":"A protein factor essential for microtubule assembly","volume":"72","author":"Weingarten","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.13.4884","article-title":"Structural characterization of the core of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease","volume":"85","author":"Wischik","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.6.2739","article-title":"Tau protein function in living cells","volume":"103","author":"Drubin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2305-16.2016","article-title":"Tau Isoforms Imbalance Impairs the Axonal Transport of the Amyloid Precursor Protein in Human Neurons","volume":"37","author":"Lacovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2613","article-title":"Tau deficiency induces parkinsonism with dementia by impairing APP-mediated iron export","volume":"18","author":"Lei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13091","article-title":"Tau regulates the localization and function of End-binding proteins 1 and 3 in developing neuronal cells","volume":"133","author":"Sayas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1000864","article-title":"Further understanding of tau phosphorylation: Implications for therapy","volume":"15","author":"Medina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2842-14.2015","article-title":"Tau phosphorylation at serine 396 residue is required for hippocampal LTD","volume":"35","author":"Regan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.01.025","article-title":"Pathological tau disrupts ongoing network activity","volume":"85","author":"Yamin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.04.009","article-title":"The many faces of tau","volume":"70","author":"Morris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/369488a0","article-title":"Altered microtubule organization in small-calibre axons of mice lacking tau protein","volume":"369","author":"Harada","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130144","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0144","article-title":"Microtubule-associated protein tau is essential for long-term depression in the hippocampus","volume":"369","author":"Kimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.06.036","article-title":"Dendritic function of tau mediates amyloid-beta toxicity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models","volume":"142","author":"Ittner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4566","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.199976","article-title":"Nuclear tau, a key player in neuronal DNA protection","volume":"286","author":"Sultan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161731","article-title":"Tau deletion promotes brain insulin resistance","volume":"214","author":"Marciniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2003","article-title":"Role of tau protein in both physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"84","author":"Avila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.112194599","article-title":"A polymorphic gene nested within an intron of the tau gene: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"99","author":"Conrad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1525","article-title":"Down syndrome and genetics\u2014A case of linked histories","volume":"6","author":"Patterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/359322a0","article-title":"Amyloid beta-peptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism","volume":"359","author":"Haass","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.8.3270","article-title":"A model for beta-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity based on free radical generation by the peptide: Relevance to Alzheimer disease","volume":"91","author":"Hensley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0751219.x","article-title":"Characterization of copper interactions with alzheimer amyloid beta peptides: Identification of an attomolar-affinity copper binding site on amyloid beta1-42","volume":"75","author":"Atwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.230","article-title":"Molecular interaction between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease through cross-seeding of protein misfolding","volume":"22","author":"Salvadores","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008103430607","article-title":"Islet amyloid and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"343","author":"Hoppener","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15112F","article-title":"Misfolded proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type II diabetes","volume":"41","author":"DeToma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.01.002","article-title":"Exogenous amyloidogenic proteins function as seeds in amyloid beta-protein aggregation","volume":"1842","author":"Ono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.11.016","article-title":"In vivo seeding and cross-seeding of localized amyloidosis: A molecular link between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease","volume":"185","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2174\/156720506779025242","article-title":"Pathways by which Abeta facilitates tau pathology","volume":"3","author":"Laferla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.05.069","article-title":"N-stearoyltyrosine protects primary neurons from Abeta-induced apoptosis through modulating mitogen-activated protein kinase activity","volume":"169","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02621","article-title":"Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"430","author":"Mattson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/7.1.86","article-title":"The autonomic-related cortex: Pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00101-9","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid beta-peptide associated free radicals increase rat embryonic neuronal polyamine uptake and ornithine decarboxylase activity: Protective effect of vitamin E","volume":"263","author":"Yatin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39904","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.267583","article-title":"Neuronal death induced by nanomolar amyloid beta is mediated by primary phagocytosis of neurons by microglia","volume":"286","author":"Neniskyte","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601253","article-title":"Nitric oxide-induced mitochondrial fission is regulated by dynamin-related GTPases in neurons","volume":"25","author":"Barsoum","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091230","article-title":"ABAD directly links Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"304","author":"Lustbader","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"352","article-title":"Comparative epitope analysis of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease senile plaque neurites and neuropil threads","volume":"64","author":"Schmidt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340ra72","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf1059","article-title":"Amyloid-beta peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0943-y","article-title":"Mitochondrial respiratory inhibition and oxidative stress elevate beta-secretase (BACE1) proteins and activity in vivo in the rat retina","volume":"181","author":"Xiong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.013","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency induces oxidative stress and exacerbates the plaque pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s mouse model","volume":"30","author":"Karuppagounder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2006.08.004","article-title":"Clearance of amyloid-beta in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Progress, problems and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/72237","article-title":"Identification of the major Abeta1-42-degrading catabolic pathway in brain parenchyma: Suppression leads to biochemical and pathological deposition","volume":"6","author":"Iwata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10001","DOI":"10.1021\/bi015546s","article-title":"Subsite specificity of memapsin 2 (beta-secretase): Implications for inhibitor design","volume":"40","author":"Turner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24540","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M007579200","article-title":"Degradation of the Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid beta peptide by endothelin-converting enzyme","volume":"276","author":"Eckman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0230450100","article-title":"Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo","volume":"100","author":"Farris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-11-03937.2000","article-title":"The plasmin system is induced by and degrades amyloid-beta aggregates","volume":"20","author":"Tucker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.28","article-title":"Amyloid beta: Structure, biology and structure-based therapeutic development","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.5.1977","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E: High-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease","volume":"90","author":"Strittmatter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/nm890","article-title":"RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain","volume":"9","author":"Deane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10498","article-title":"Clearance of Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid-ss(1-40) peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"106","author":"Shibata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, L.C., Gaser, C., Franke, K., and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging, I. (2016). The Effect of the APOE Genotype on Individual BrainAGE in Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157514"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:17:2:147","article-title":"Role of apoe\/Abeta interactions in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy","volume":"17","author":"Holtzman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3442-16.2017","article-title":"Astrocytic LRP1 Mediates Brain Abeta Clearance and Impacts Amyloid Deposition","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(00)00019-9","article-title":"Tau protein isoforms, phosphorylation and role in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"33","author":"Buee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.03.015","article-title":"Clioquinol rescues Parkinsonism and dementia phenotypes of the tau knockout mouse","volume":"81","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00113","article-title":"The role of extracellular Tau in the spreading of neurofibrillary pathology","volume":"8","author":"Medina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00557-x","article-title":"Can we learn lessons from the FDA\u2019s approval of aducanumab?","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301259","article-title":"Preclinical investigation of the functional effects of memantine and memantine combined with galantamine or donepezil","volume":"32","author":"Tobia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Treatment of Alzheimer disease","volume":"83","author":"Winslow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"205","article-title":"Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with the GSK-3 inhibitor tideglusib: A pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Steinwachs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141959","article-title":"A phase II trial of tideglusib in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Lovestone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2016.1140039","article-title":"Tau-directed approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Focus on leuco-methylthioninium","volume":"16","author":"Seripa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sankaranarayanan, S., Barten, D.M., Vana, L., Devidze, N., Yang, L., Cadelina, G., Hoque, N., DeCarr, L., Keenan, S., and Lin, A. (2015). Passive immunization with phospho-tau antibodies reduces tau pathology and functional deficits in two distinct mouse tauopathy models. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125614"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt278","article-title":"First-in-man tau vaccine targeting structural determinants essential for pathological tau-tau interaction reduces tau oligomerisation and neurofibrillary degeneration in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"6","author":"Kontsekova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01268-1","article-title":"Sodium Oligomannate: First Approval","volume":"80","author":"Syed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70192-X","article-title":"Midlife type 2 diabetes and poor glycaemic control as risk factors for cognitive decline in early old age: A post-hoc analysis of the Whitehall II cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Tuligenga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022534709672","article-title":"Energetics of functional activation in neural tissues","volume":"24","author":"Sokoloff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24131","article-title":"Energy-efficient neural information processing in individual neurons and neuronal networks","volume":"95","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"265","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and metabolic rate of oxygen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, ketone bodies and amino acids","volume":"62","author":"Lindblad","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1542\/pedsv47is1fullF","article-title":"Metabolic rate and organ size during growth from infancy to maturity and during late gastation and early infancy","volume":"47","author":"Holliday","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02441-x","article-title":"Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease","volume":"472","author":"Koepsell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-18576","article-title":"Insulin resistance: Definition and consequences","volume":"109","author":"Lebovitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21189","article-title":"Neurobarrier coupling in the brain: Adjusting glucose entry with demand","volume":"85","author":"Leybaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4","article-title":"Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise","volume":"2","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.11.062","article-title":"Is lactate food for neurons? Comparison of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes in brain and muscle","volume":"145","author":"Bergersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23250","article-title":"Astrocyte glycogen and lactate: New insights into learning and memory mechanisms","volume":"66","author":"Alberini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.018","article-title":"Astrocyte-neuron lactate transport is required for long-term memory formation","volume":"144","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-005-5518-0","article-title":"Cerebral ketone body metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Morris","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258","article-title":"Fuel metabolism in starvation","volume":"26","author":"Cahill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00719","article-title":"Application of Metabolomics in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Wilkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00595.x","article-title":"Assessment of metabolic diversity within the intestinal microbiota from healthy humans using combined molecular and cultural approaches","volume":"66","author":"Chassard","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(87)90433-0","article-title":"Occurrence, absorption and metabolism of short chain fatty acids in the digestive tract of mammals","volume":"86","author":"Bugaut","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00521","article-title":"Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance","volume":"13","author":"Rhea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"234572","article-title":"Reevaluating Metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease from the Perspective of the Astrocyte-Neuron Lactate Shuttle Model","volume":"2013","author":"Newington","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.11.007","article-title":"Routes for the delivery of insulin to the central nervous system: A comparative review","volume":"313","author":"Rhea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.02.018","article-title":"Brain glucose concentrations in poorly controlled diabetes mellitus as measured by high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"54","author":"Seaquist","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.97","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of lactate after cerebral ischemia","volume":"29","author":"Berthet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1159\/000111356","article-title":"Glutamate and glutamine metabolism and compartmentation in astrocytes","volume":"15","author":"Schousboe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.938","article-title":"The NMDA receptor antagonist memantine as a symptomatological and neuroprotective treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Preclinical evidence","volume":"18","author":"Danysz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.04.002","article-title":"The astrocyte biochemistry","volume":"95","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0079-9","article-title":"Thiamine Deficiency and Neurodegeneration: The Interplay Among Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.04.005","article-title":"Transketolase: Observations in alcohol-related brain damage research","volume":"41","author":"Harper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5089(21)00590-3","article-title":"Alcohol, nutrition and malabsorption","volume":"12","author":"Green","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.01.005","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency increases beta-secretase activity and accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.73.855.27","article-title":"Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Zubaran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13031","article-title":"Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and dementia","volume":"1367","author":"Gibson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020678912330","article-title":"Plasma thiamine deficiency associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease but not Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Gold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/29.2.111","article-title":"Is thiamine deficiency in elderly people related to age or co-morbidity?","volume":"29","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0531-5565(77)90036-5","article-title":"Resorption of vitamin B1\u2014XII. Changes in the resorption and the phosphorylation of thiamine in rats in relation to age","volume":"12","author":"Lazarov","year":"1977","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-2571(66)90027-6","article-title":"The regulation of the release of ketone bodies by the liver","volume":"4","author":"Krebs","year":"1966","journal-title":"Adv. Enzym. Regul."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2017.06.004","article-title":"Brain atrophy in ageing: Estimating effects of blood glucose levels vs. other type 2 diabetes effects","volume":"44","author":"Walsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.007","article-title":"White matter integrity in dementia with Lewy bodies: A voxel-based analysis of diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"36","author":"Nedelska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.222","article-title":"Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in neurons and astrocytes during network activity in hippocampal slices","volume":"34","author":"Ivanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100428","article-title":"Neuroscience. Let there be (NADH) light","volume":"305","author":"Pellerin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-012-9403-6","article-title":"An inverse-Warburg effect and the origin of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Demetrius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"522","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The amyloid hypothesis and the Inverse Warburg effect","volume":"5","author":"Demetrius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0180","article-title":"Evidence for physiological down-regulation of brain oxidative phosphorylation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"142","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305858","article-title":"Greater medial temporal hypometabolism and lower cortical amyloid burden in ApoE4-positive AD patients","volume":"85","author":"Lehmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"1417","article-title":"Effects of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of astrocytes in the early stages post injury","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00014","article-title":"The Role of APOE4 in Disrupting the Homeostatic Functions of Astrocytes and Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00331-C","article-title":"Influence of the apolipoprotein E genotype on amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangle formation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"69","author":"Nagy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06397.x","article-title":"Multifunctional roles of enolase in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain: Beyond altered glucose metabolism","volume":"111","author":"Butterfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(02)00914-0","article-title":"Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain. Part I: Creatine kinase BB, glutamine synthase, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1","volume":"33","author":"Castegna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01103.x","article-title":"Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain. Part II: Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2, alpha-enolase and heat shock cognate 71","volume":"82","author":"Castegna","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04493-x","article-title":"alpha-Enolase reduces cerebrovascular Abeta deposits by protecting Abeta amyloid formation","volume":"79","author":"Inoue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"19","article-title":"Insulin and insulin resistance","volume":"26","author":"Wilcox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20151","article-title":"Insulin and its receptor: Structure, function and evolution","volume":"26","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1314-y","article-title":"Regulation of insulin secretion: A matter of phase control and amplitude modulation","volume":"52","author":"Henquin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12729","article-title":"Mechanisms of beta-cell functional adaptation to changes in workload","volume":"18","author":"Wortham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(11)70014-6","article-title":"Insulin effects in muscle and adipose tissue","volume":"93","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C319","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1994.266.2.C319","article-title":"The insulin receptor: Structure, function, and signaling","volume":"266","author":"Lee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.2007.S140","article-title":"IRS proteins and beta-cell function","volume":"50","author":"Burks","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"179","article-title":"The IRS-signaling system: A network of docking proteins that mediate insulin and cytokine action","volume":"228","author":"White","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18983.x","article-title":"Involvement of Src-homology\/collagen (SHC) proteins in signaling through the insulin receptor and the insulin-like-growth-factor-I-receptor","volume":"223","author":"Giorgetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.01.004","article-title":"Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme and amyloid-beta peptide in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Review and hypothesis","volume":"27","author":"Qiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1197416","article-title":"Insulin-degrading enzyme: New therapeutic target for diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease?","volume":"48","author":"Pivovarova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0073","article-title":"Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050068","article-title":"Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"105","author":"Frolich","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2007.08.004","article-title":"Inhibition of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B: Potential therapy for obesity, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Koren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.11.057","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"582","author":"Olefsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2006.09.007","article-title":"Pathophysiology of insulin resistance","volume":"20","author":"Sesti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00045","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20100019","article-title":"Mitochondria and neuroplasticity","volume":"2","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.05.007","article-title":"Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress in insulin resistance","volume":"26","author":"Salvado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-6-37","article-title":"Early responses of insulin signaling to high-carbohydrate and high-fat overfeeding","volume":"6","author":"Adochio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2488","article-title":"The influence of different fats and fatty acids on obesity, insulin resistance and inflammation","volume":"132","author":"Bray","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051521","article-title":"Effect of long-term dietary protein intake on glucose metabolism in humans","volume":"43","author":"Linn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00270.x","article-title":"Effect of high sucrose feeding on fat accumulation in the male Wistar rat","volume":"4","author":"Toida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-013-9282-4","article-title":"Role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in the modulation of insulin signaling and their implication in the pathogenesis of obesity-linked insulin resistance","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104132","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/104132","article-title":"Does Diacylglycerol Accumulation in Fatty Liver Disease Cause Hepatic Insulin Resistance?","volume":"2015","author":"Finck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10583","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance","volume":"106","author":"Shulman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2174\/156652410791608225","article-title":"The acid sphingomyelinase\/ceramide pathway: Biomedical significance and mechanisms of regulation","volume":"10","author":"Zeidan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2022.08.021","article-title":"Is insulin resistance tissue-dependent and substrate-specific? The role of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle","volume":"204","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1235","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.279.6.E1235","article-title":"Immobilization depresses insulin signaling in skeletal muscle","volume":"279","author":"Hirose","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ropelle, E.R., Flores, M.B., Cintra, D.E., Rocha, G.Z., Pauli, J.R., Morari, J., de Souza, C.T., Moraes, J.C., Prada, P.O., and Guadagnini, D. (2010). IL-6 and IL-10 anti-inflammatory activity links exercise to hypothalamic insulin and leptin sensitivity through IKKbeta and ER stress inhibition. PLoS Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000465"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5694","article-title":"Inhibition of ceramide production reverses TNF-induced insulin resistance","volume":"287","author":"Grigsby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R125","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-11-0074","article-title":"Insulin receptor and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Belfiore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00254492","article-title":"Insulin and insulin receptors in rodent brain","volume":"20","author":"Havrankova","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.185","article-title":"Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: Concepts and conundrums","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0596","article-title":"Hippocampal Insulin Resistance Impairs Spatial Learning and Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"64","author":"Grillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34893","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.49.34893","article-title":"Brain insulin receptors and spatial memory. Correlated changes in gene expression, tyrosine phosphorylation, and signaling molecules in the hippocampus of water maze trained rats","volume":"274","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(99)00220-6","article-title":"Intracerebroventricular insulin enhances memory in a passive-avoidance task","volume":"68","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150307","article-title":"Central Nervous System Delivery of Intranasal Insulin: Mechanisms of Uptake and Effects on Cognition","volume":"47","author":"Salameh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17709709","article-title":"Insulin differentially affects the distribution kinetics of amyloid beta 40 and 42 in plasma and brain","volume":"38","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.10.035","article-title":"Insulin regulates neuronal glucose uptake by promoting translocation of glucose transporter GLUT3","volume":"198","author":"Uemura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180707","article-title":"Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Reduced Plasma Insulin Precede Decreased AKT Phosphorylation and GLUT3 Translocation in the Hippocampus of Old 3xTg-AD Mice","volume":"68","author":"Griffith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11851","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1700-16.2016","article-title":"Novel Roles for the Insulin-Regulated Glucose Transporter-4 in Hippocampally Dependent Memory","volume":"36","author":"McNay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.04.079","article-title":"Subcellular localization of glucose transporter 4 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of ob\/ob mice under basal conditions","volume":"1049","author":"Komori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00780-8","article-title":"Acute third ventricular administration of insulin decreases food intake in two paradigms","volume":"72","author":"Air","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharm. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.01.008","article-title":"Brain insulin controls adipose tissue lipolysis and lipogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Scherer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.09.003","article-title":"Brain insulin lowers circulating BCAA levels by inducing hepatic BCAA catabolism","volume":"20","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812686106","article-title":"The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression","volume":"106","author":"Sheline","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32819f8ecd","article-title":"Insulin action and insulin resistance in vascular endothelium","volume":"10","author":"Muniyappa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0035","article-title":"The role of blood vessels, endothelial cells, and vascular pericytes in insulin secretion and peripheral insulin action","volume":"31","author":"Richards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00399","article-title":"Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Precedes Cognitive Decline and Neurodegeneration in Diabetic Insulin Resistant Mouse Model: An Implication for Causal Link","volume":"9","author":"Takechi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385506-0.00004-1","article-title":"Insulin, synaptic function, and opportunities for neuroprotection","volume":"98","author":"Mielke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.03.011","article-title":"Insulin resistance predicts brain amyloid deposition in late middle-aged adults","volume":"11","author":"Willette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heni, M., Hennige, A.M., Peter, A., Siegel-Axel, D., Ordelheide, A.M., Krebs, N., Machicao, F., Fritsche, A., Haring, H.U., and Staiger, H. (2011). Insulin promotes glycogen storage and cell proliferation in primary human astrocytes. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021594"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.028","article-title":"Astrocytic Insulin Signaling Couples Brain Glucose Uptake with Nutrient Availability","volume":"166","author":"Quarta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110852","article-title":"Differential responsiveness to insulin of endothelial and support cells from micro- and macrovessels","volume":"71","author":"King","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181ef3be4","article-title":"Response of human oligodendrocyte progenitors to growth factors and axon signals","volume":"69","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150710104428","article-title":"Insulin Modulates In Vitro Secretion of Cytokines and Cytotoxins by Human Glial Cells","volume":"12","author":"Spielman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03155.x","article-title":"A biochemical and functional characterization of diet-induced brain insulin resistance","volume":"93","author":"Mielke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.02.040","article-title":"The source of cerebral insulin","volume":"490","author":"Banks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(82)80080-9","article-title":"C-peptide immunoreactive neurons in human brain","volume":"70","author":"Dorn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.10.019","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia drives diet-induced obesity independently of brain insulin production","volume":"16","author":"Mehran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(85)90166-3","article-title":"Genetically obese Zucker rats have abnormally low brain insulin content","volume":"36","author":"Baskin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1525","article-title":"Obesity induced by a high-fat diet is associated with reduced brain insulin transport in dogs","volume":"49","author":"Kaiyala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-013-0546-y","article-title":"Evidence for altered transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier in insulin-resistant humans","volume":"51","author":"Heni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartorius, T., Peter, A., Heni, M., Maetzler, W., Fritsche, A., Haring, H.U., and Hennige, A.M. (2015). The brain response to peripheral insulin declines with age: A contribution of the blood-brain barrier?. PloS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126804"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160493","article-title":"Changes in insulin and insulin signaling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Cause or consequence?","volume":"213","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1929","article-title":"Reversal of diet-induced obesity increases insulin transport into cerebrospinal fluid and restores sensitivity to the anorexic action of central insulin in male rats","volume":"154","author":"Begg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2004.04.003","article-title":"Intranasal insulin improves memory in humans","volume":"29","author":"Benedict","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06371.x","article-title":"Insulin effects on glucose metabolism, memory, and plasma amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer\u2019s disease differ according to apolipoprotein-E genotype","volume":"903","author":"Craft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"7A","article-title":"Insulin-mediated blood flow and glucose uptake","volume":"17","author":"Floras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8152","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27603","article-title":"Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms","volume":"234","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.120006","article-title":"Reversal of diet-induced insulin resistance with a single bout of exercise in the rat: The role of PTP1B and IRS-1 serine phosphorylation","volume":"577","author":"Ropelle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2003.10.013","article-title":"Inflammation: The link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Dandona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006865715292","article-title":"TNF-alpha and insulin resistance: Summary and future prospects","volume":"182","author":"Peraldi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2008.08.005","article-title":"Insulin resistance, inflammation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"19","author":"Tilg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciejczyk, M., Zebrowska, E., and Chabowski, A. (2019). Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in the Brain: What\u2019s New?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040874"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2005.7.1040","article-title":"The molecular basis for oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance","volume":"7","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox. Signal."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2017.06.007","article-title":"The etiology of oxidative stress in insulin resistance","volume":"40","author":"Hurrle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2010.07.021","article-title":"Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Cunnane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.08.024","article-title":"Preclinical sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Target for personalized diagnosis and preventive intervention","volume":"62","author":"Vanitallie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19067","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705036104","article-title":"Maternal family history of Alzheimer\u2019s disease predisposes to reduced brain glucose metabolism","volume":"104","author":"Mosconi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000163856.13524.08","article-title":"Reduced hippocampal metabolism in MCI and AD: Automated FDG-PET image analysis","volume":"64","author":"Mosconi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3966","article-title":"GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer\u2019s disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Winkler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00118","article-title":"Insulin Resistance as a Link between Amyloid-Beta and Tau Pathologies in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Mullins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-019-2674-8","article-title":"Changes of Blood-Brain Barrier and Brain Parenchymal Protein Expression Levels of Mice under Different Insulin-Resistance Conditions Induced by High-Fat Diet","volume":"36","author":"Ogata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6379","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817391116","article-title":"Insulin signaling in the hippocampus and amygdala regulates metabolism and neurobehavior","volume":"116","author":"Soto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2012.08.013","article-title":"BACE1 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"414","author":"Sathya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004","article-title":"Decoding Alzheimer\u2019s disease from perturbed cerebral glucose metabolism: Implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2174\/156720512799015064","article-title":"Metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"9","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2004.03.007","article-title":"Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Hynd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00060-X","article-title":"Memantine restores long term potentiation impaired by tonic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation following reduction of Mg2+ in hippocampal slices","volume":"38","author":"Frankiewicz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02983-3","article-title":"Neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects of glutamate are enhanced by introduction of amyloid precursor protein cDNA","volume":"918","author":"Uetsuki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90479-5","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Mismatch between amyloid plaques and neuritic plaques","volume":"103","author":"Braak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06320.x","article-title":"Brain glucose transporters, O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of tau in diabetes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34472","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R114.601351","article-title":"The emerging link between O-GlcNAc and Alzheimer disease","volume":"289","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.12.035","article-title":"Decreased glucose transporters correlate to abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau in Alzheimer disease","volume":"582","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.026","article-title":"White matter changes in mild cognitive impairment and AD: A diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"27","author":"Medina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2009.04.1228","article-title":"White matter integrity and cortical metabolic associations in aging and dementia","volume":"6","author":"Kuczynski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Dwyer, L., Lamberton, F., Bokde, A.L., Ewers, M., Faluyi, Y.O., Tanner, C., Mazoyer, B., O\u2019Neill, D., Bartley, M., and Collins, D.R. (2011). Multiple indices of diffusion identifies white matter damage in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021745"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90166-0","article-title":"Dual pathways connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex in the rhesus monkey","volume":"12","author":"Selemon","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2174\/156720509788929273","article-title":"Baseline MRI predictors of conversion from MCI to probable AD in the ADNI cohort","volume":"6","author":"Risacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq203","article-title":"Sequential relationships between grey matter and white matter atrophy and brain metabolic abnormalities in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"133","author":"Villain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.24.020173.001415","article-title":"Metabolism of ketone bodies by the brain","volume":"24","author":"Sokoloff","year":"1973","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S381","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100360","article-title":"The mitochondrial secret(ase) of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Young","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13435","article-title":"Insulin regulation of gluconeogenesis","volume":"1411","author":"Hatting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.04.001","article-title":"White matter in learning, cognition and psychiatric disorders","volume":"31","author":"Fields","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl066","article-title":"Mitochondria are a direct site of A beta accumulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease neurons: Implications for free radical generation and oxidative damage in disease progression","volume":"15","author":"Manczak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06386.x","article-title":"Vascular endothelium is a site of free radical production and inflammation in areas of neuronal loss in thiamine-deficient brain","volume":"903","author":"Calingasan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn120","article-title":"Update of cell damage mechanisms in thiamine deficiency: Focus on oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Hazell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol. Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.4766","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products contribute to amyloidosis in Alzheimer disease","volume":"91","author":"Vitek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009697908332","article-title":"Glucose transport and apoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Moley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07331.x","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase: A potential player in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"118","author":"Salminen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.4144","article-title":"Chaperone-mediated autophagy","volume":"3","author":"Dice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_273","first-page":"2190","article-title":"The autophagy-related protein beclin 1 shows reduced expression in early Alzheimer disease and regulates amyloid beta accumulation in mice","volume":"118","author":"Pickford","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03187.x","article-title":"mTOR\/p70S6k signalling alteration by Abeta exposure as well as in APP-PS1 transgenic models and in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"94","author":"Paccalin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3068","article-title":"Fighting neurodegeneration with rapamycin: Mechanistic insights","volume":"12","author":"Bove","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06084.x","article-title":"Autophagic-lysosomal perturbation enhances tau aggregation in transfectants with induced wild-type tau expression","volume":"27","author":"Hamano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2174\/156720509788486527","article-title":"The role of IGF-1 receptor and insulin receptor signaling for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: From model organisms to human disease","volume":"6","author":"Freude","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(90)90044-6","article-title":"Insulin binding to brain capillaries is reduced in genetically obese, hyperinsulinemic Zucker rats","volume":"11","author":"Schwartz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020200082","article-title":"The aging brain. Changes in the neuronal insulin\/insulin receptor signal transduction cascade trigger late-onset sporadic Alzheimer disease (SAD). A mini-review","volume":"109","author":"Hoyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-7107","article-title":"Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease--is this type 3 diabetes?","volume":"7","author":"Steen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59903","article-title":"Demonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive decline","volume":"122","author":"Talbot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_282","first-page":"41","article-title":"Intranasal administration of insulin lowers amyloid-beta levels in rat model of diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Subramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.09.004","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity: A systematic comparison of their impact on cognition","volume":"1792","author":"Kloppenborg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2122","article-title":"Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction","volume":"289","author":"Bruning","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1447","article-title":"Insulin signaling in the central nervous system is critical for the normal sympathoadrenal response to hypoglycemia","volume":"54","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500877112","article-title":"Insulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders","volume":"112","author":"Kleinridders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappeler, L., De Magalhaes Filho, C., Dupont, J., Leneuve, P., Cervera, P., Perin, L., Loudes, C., Blaise, A., Klein, R., and Epelbaum, J. (2008). Brain IGF-1 receptors control mammalian growth and lifespan through a neuroendocrine mechanism. PLoS Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060254"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5949-4_33","article-title":"Regulation of protein phosphorylation by insulin and insulin-like growth factors in cultured fetal neurons","volume":"293","author":"Heidenreich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18543","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M414112200","article-title":"Insulin stimulates postsynaptic density-95 protein translation via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway","volume":"280","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.06.003","article-title":"BDNF function in adult synaptic plasticity: The synaptic consolidation hypothesis","volume":"76","author":"Bramham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2010.05.014","article-title":"Microglial activation and chronic neurodegeneration","volume":"7","author":"Lull","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-013-9437-9","article-title":"Role of nuclear receptor on regulation of BDNF and neuroinflammation in hippocampus of beta-amyloid animal model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Prakash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21248","article-title":"Radiologic evidence that hypothalamic gliosis is associated with obesity and insulin resistance in humans","volume":"23","author":"Schur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0391","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance: Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and increased expression of p85alpha: The two sides of a coin","volume":"55","author":"Draznin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2010.02.002","article-title":"Hippocampal memory processes are modulated by insulin and high-fat-induced insulin resistance","volume":"93","author":"McNay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2764831","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2764831","article-title":"Possible Clues for Brain Energy Translation via Endolysosomal Trafficking of APP-CTFs in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2018","author":"Sivanesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10874","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2350-05.2005","article-title":"Energy inhibition elevates beta-secretase levels and activity and is potentially amyloidogenic in APP transgenic mice: Possible early events in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Velliquette","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.2174\/187152709789824651","article-title":"Mitochondria as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Moreira","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.187","article-title":"GSK-3: A key player in neurodegeneration and memory","volume":"61","author":"Giese","year":"2009","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01640","article-title":"GSK-3alpha regulates production of Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid-beta peptides","volume":"423","author":"Phiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00685-7","article-title":"Lithium protects cultured neurons against beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration","volume":"453","author":"Alvarez","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05245.x","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition is integral to long-term potentiation","volume":"25","author":"Hooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.2719","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by tau protein kinase I\/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in brain","volume":"93","author":"Hoshi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-08-02561.2001","article-title":"Stimulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein trafficking by insulin reduces intraneuronal beta-amyloid and requires mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling","volume":"21","author":"Gasparini","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33305","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610390200","article-title":"Soluble Abeta inhibits specific signal transduction cascades common to the insulin receptor pathway","volume":"282","author":"Townsend","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809158106","article-title":"Protection of synapses against Alzheimer\u2019s-linked toxins: Insulin signaling prevents the pathogenic binding of Abeta oligomers","volume":"106","author":"Vieira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.06.014","article-title":"Insulin rescues amyloid beta-induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11120","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2860-04.2004","article-title":"Insulin-degrading enzyme as a downstream target of insulin receptor signaling cascade: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease intervention","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2912","article-title":"Deficient brain insulin signalling pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and diabetes","volume":"225","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2015.1","article-title":"Tau in physiology and pathology","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e318232a379","article-title":"Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: Age categories from 1 to 100 years","volume":"70","author":"Braak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.04.064","article-title":"PTEN, a negative regulator of PI3 kinase signalling, alters tau phosphorylation in cells by mechanisms independent of GSK-3","volume":"580","author":"Kerr","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.003","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E4 Impairs Neuronal Insulin Signaling by Trapping Insulin Receptor in the Endosomes","volume":"96","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/3506\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:28:49Z","timestamp":1760120929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/3506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"references-count":313,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24043506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24043506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]}}}