{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:24:16Z","timestamp":1790198656284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agreement with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2021-1075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-1075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-histone nuclear proteins HMGB1 and HMGB2 (High Mobility Group) are involved in many biological processes, such as replication, transcription, and repair. The HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins consist of a short N-terminal region, two DNA-binding domains, A and B, and a C-terminal sequence of glutamic and aspartic acids. In this work, the structural organization of calf thymus HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins and their complexes with DNA were studied using UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Post-translational modifications (PTM) of HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins were determined with MALDI mass spectrometry. We have shown that despite the similar primary structures of the HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins, their post-translational modifications (PTMs) demonstrate quite different patterns. The HMGB1 PTMs are located predominantly in the DNA-binding A-domain and linker region connecting the A and B domains. On the contrary, HMGB2 PTMs are found mostly in the B-domain and within the linker region. It was also shown that, despite the high degree of homology between HMGB1 and HMGB2, the secondary structure of these proteins is also slightly different. We believe that the revealed structural properties might determine the difference in the functioning of the HMGB1 and HMGB2 as well as their protein partners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T05:51:06Z","timestamp":1676008266000},"page":"3577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Structural Characteristics of High-Mobility Group Proteins HMGB1 and HMGB2 and Their Interaction with DNA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9708-7808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Starkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7695-3586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Polyanichko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0069-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Artamonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8261-2750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tsimokha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1137-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Tomilin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8553-6653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Chikhirzhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Av. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6603(08)60360-8","article-title":"High-mobility-group chromosomal proteins: Architectural components that facilitate chromatin function","volume":"54","author":"Bustin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog. 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