{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T10:05:22Z","timestamp":1792749922565,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is necessary for the normal functioning of many organs, including the thyroid gland. It is, therefore, not surprising that vitamin D deficiency is considered a risk factor for the development of many thyroid disorders, including autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer. However, the interaction between vitamin D and thyroid function is still not fully understood. This review discusses studies involving human subjects that (1) compared vitamin D status (primarily determined by serum calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) levels) with thyroid function assessed by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones, and anti-thyroid antibody levels; and (2) evaluated the effect of vitamin D supplementation on thyroid function. Due to the many inconsistencies in the results between the studies, it is still difficult to draw a definite conclusion on how vitamin D status affects thyroid function. Studies in healthy participants observed either a negative correlation or no association between TSH and 25(OH)D levels, while the results for thyroid hormones showed high variability. Many studies have observed a negative association between anti-thyroid antibodies and 25(OH)D levels, but equally many studies have failed to observe such an association. Regarding the studies that examined the effect of vitamin D supplementation on thyroid function, almost all observed a decrease in anti-thyroid antibody levels after vitamin D supplementation. Factors that could contribute to the high variability between the studies are the use of different assays for the measurement of serum 25(OH)D levels and the confounding effects of sex, age, body-mass index, dietary habits, smoking, and the time of year when the samples were collected. In conclusion, additional studies with larger numbers of participants are needed to fully understand the effect of vitamin D on thyroid function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T03:28:46Z","timestamp":1676258926000},"page":"3586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Vitamin D and the Thyroid: A Critical Review of the Current Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4223-4190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjana","family":"Babi\u0107 Leko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Jure\u0161ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Rozi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5672-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Plei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Gunja\u010da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8120-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatijana","family":"Zemunik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21 000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-146","article-title":"Vitamin D-roles in women\u2019s reproductive health?","volume":"9","author":"Grundmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.008","article-title":"Vitamin D endocrinology of bone mineralization","volume":"453","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.77335","article-title":"Vitamin D as a promising anticancer agent","volume":"43","author":"Chakraborti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.069831","article-title":"Vitamin D and autoimmunity: New aetiological and therapeutic considerations","volume":"66","author":"Arnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9198-9","article-title":"Regulation of target gene expression by the vitamin D receptor\u2014An update on mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Pike","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossein-Nezhad, A., Spira, A., and Holick, M.F. (2013). Influence of vitamin D status and vitamin D3 supplementation on genome wide expression of white blood cells: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058725"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190705193227","article-title":"Vitamin D: A micronutrient regulating genes","volume":"25","author":"Carlberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000151","article-title":"Vitamin D, an essential nutrient with versatile functions in nearly all organs","volume":"83","author":"Eggersdorfer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1087","article-title":"Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions","volume":"35","author":"Fekete","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.19","article-title":"Novel insights into thyroid hormones from the study of common genetic variation","volume":"5","author":"Dayan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29812","article-title":"Deiodinases: Implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action","volume":"116","author":"Bianco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00142","article-title":"Relational stability in the expression of normality, variation, and control of thyroid function","volume":"7","author":"Hoermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.016","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Antonelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1191","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency modulates Graves\u2019 hyperthyroidism induced in BALB\/c mice by thyrotropin receptor immunization","volume":"150","author":"Misharin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1573","article-title":"Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rats with experimental autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510193","article-title":"A promoter polymorphism of the CYP27B1 gene is associated with Addison\u2019s disease, Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, Graves\u2019 disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus in Germans","volume":"151","author":"Lopez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2015.01.003","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid diseases in a Chinese Han population: Role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms","volume":"76","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12420","article-title":"The functional polymorphisms of VDR, GC and CYP2R1 are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"178","author":"Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01991-w","article-title":"Serum 25-hydoxyvitamin D concentrations in relation to Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies","volume":"59","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7053813","article-title":"Bin Vitamin D and Graves\u2019 disease: A meta-analysis update","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00831-5","article-title":"Vitamin D and thyroid disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Taheriniya","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.1021","article-title":"Vitamin D and chronic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8591-3","article-title":"Vitamin D and thyroid autoimmune diseases: The known and the obscure","volume":"61","author":"Bizzaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211014073","article-title":"Vitamin D regulation of the immune system and its implications for COVID-19: A mini review","volume":"9","author":"Bui","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00151","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D on immune function: Lessons learned from genome-wide analysis","volume":"5","author":"Chun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9406-3","article-title":"Sunshine vitamin and thyroid","volume":"18","author":"Nettore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208759","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8759","article-title":"Global burden of thyroid cancer from 1990 to 2017","volume":"3","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30172-6","article-title":"Thyroid cancer","volume":"388","author":"Cabanillas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1501993","article-title":"Biologic and clinical perspectives on thyroid cancer","volume":"375","author":"Fagin","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/07435800.2015.1037048","article-title":"1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the proliferation of thyroid cancer stem-like cells via cell cycle arrest","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.07.024","article-title":"MART-10, the vitamin D analog, is a potent drug to inhibit anaplastic thyroid cancer cell metastatic potential","volume":"369","author":"Chiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.5A6734.2005","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"54","author":"Khadzkou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155412447296","article-title":"Altered expression of key players in vitamin D metabolism and signaling in malignant and benign thyroid tumors","volume":"60","author":"Clinckspoor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.02.016","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor expression is linked to potential markers of human thyroid papillary carcinoma","volume":"159","author":"Izkhakov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0117","article-title":"1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 targets PTEN-dependent fibronectin expression to restore thyroid cancer cell adhesiveness","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5840","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0785","article-title":"Vitamin D3 administration induces nuclear p27 accumulation, restores differentiation, and reduces tumor burden in a mouse model of metastatic follicular thyroid cancer","volume":"145","author":"Dackiw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025850","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25850","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplements on development of advanced cancer: A secondary analysis of the VITAL randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Chandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.04.015","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"57","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danilovic, D.L.S., Ferraz-de-Souza, B., Fabri, A.W., Santana, N.O., Kulcsar, M.A., Cernea, C.R., Marui, S., and Hoff, A.O. (2016). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and TSH as risk factors or prognostic markers in thyroid carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164550"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2015.090","article-title":"Serum vitamin D3 levels are not associated with thyroid cancer prevalence in euthyroid subjects without autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722912","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.722912","article-title":"Vitamin D, thyroid hormones and cardiovascular risk: Exploring the components of this novel disease triangle","volume":"12","author":"Vassalle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3109\/13813455.2015.1107101","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 on thyroid function and de-iodinase 2 expression in diabetic rats","volume":"121","author":"Alrefaie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proghi.2013.07.001","article-title":"Vitamin D in thyroid tumorigenesis and development","volume":"48","author":"Clinckspoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(94)90021-3","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor binding and biological effects of cholecalciferol analogues in rat thyroid cells","volume":"50","author":"Berg","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(91)90201-3","article-title":"Characterization of a 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 receptor in FRTL-5 cells. Evidence for an inhibitory effect of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 on thyrotropin-induced iodide uptake","volume":"81","author":"Valtonen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-3-1192","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances thyrotropin releasing hormone induced thyrotropin secretion in normal pituitary cells","volume":"121","author":"Wark","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-014-0290-9","article-title":"TSH levels are associated with vitamin D status and seasonality in an adult population of euthyroid adults","volume":"15","author":"Barchetta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0001","article-title":"High vitamin D status in younger individuals is associated with low circulating thyrotropin","volume":"23","author":"Chailurkit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscogiuri, G., Mari, D., Prolo, S., Fatti, L.M., Cantone, M.C., Garagnani, P., Arosio, B., Di Somma, C., and Vitale, G. (2016). 25 hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and its relationship to autoimmune thyroid disease in the elderly. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090850"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1425-z","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency affects thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction in iodine-replete area: Korea national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-018-1071-1","article-title":"Thyroid hormones, metabolic syndrome and Vitamin D in middle-aged and older euthyroid subjects: A preliminary study","volume":"31","author":"Verrusio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.1719","article-title":"Serum vitamin D level and its relation to thyroid hormone, blood sugar and lipid profiles in iranian sedentary work staff","volume":"35","author":"Mansorian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631819","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/631819","article-title":"Association of high vitamin D status with low circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone independent of thyroid hormone levels in middle-aged and elderly males","volume":"2014","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02688-z","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with thyroid autoimmunity: Results from an epidemiological survey in Tianjin, China","volume":"73","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509220824","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: A community-based survey","volume":"102","author":"Goswami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239815","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/239815","article-title":"Isolated vitamin D deficiency is not associated with nonthyroidal illness syndrome, but with thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"2015","author":"Topaloglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2015-0210","article-title":"Absence of a relationship between thyroid hormones and vitamin D levels","volume":"29","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S269640","article-title":"Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and thyroid function parameters in previously healthy children aged 6 to 24 months","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119-22","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2013-0975","article-title":"High prevalence of anti-thyroid antibodies associated with a low vitamin D status in a pediatric cohort","volume":"52","author":"Zaidman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530318666180406163426","article-title":"Low 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels are independently associated with autoimmune thyroiditis in a cohort of apparently healthy overweight and obese subjects","volume":"18","author":"Triggiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-105150","article-title":"Metabolic characteristics in obese patients complicated by mild thyroid hormone deficiency","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00004","article-title":"Correlation between Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis-related thyroid hormone levels and 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"11","author":"Chao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cvek, M., Kali\u010danin, D., Bari\u0107, A., Vuleti\u0107, M., Gunja\u010da, I., Torlak Lovri\u0107, V., \u0160krabi\u0107, V., Punda, A., and Boraska Perica, V. (2021). Vitamin D and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: Observations from CROHT biobank. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082793"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15934.OR","article-title":"Hashimoto thyroiditis not associated with vitamin D deficiency","volume":"22","author":"Yasmeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"23","article-title":"The relationship between statin action on thyroid autoimmunity and vitamin D status: A pilot study","volume":"127","author":"Krysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2012-0021","article-title":"Vitamin D status in children with Hashimoto thyroiditis","volume":"25","author":"Camurdan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105922","article-title":"Vitamin D status in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and its association with vitamin D receptor genetic variants","volume":"212","author":"Hanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoica, R.A., Guja, C., Pantea-Stoian, A., van Staden, R.I.S., Popa-Tudor, I., \u0218tefan, S.D., Ancuceanu, R., Serafinceanu, C., and T\u00eergovi\u0219te, C.I. (2020). No association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and insulin resistance or thyroid hormone concentrations in a Romanian observational study. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57010025"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1023-4181","article-title":"Vitamin D status and thyroid autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"51","author":"Koehler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0653-7108","article-title":"The effect of gluten-free diet on thyroid autoimmunity in drug-na\u00efve women with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A pilot study","volume":"127","author":"Krysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13233","article-title":"The impact of combination therapy with metformin and exogenous vitamin D on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity in women with autoimmune thyroiditis and high-normal thyrotropin levels","volume":"45","author":"Krysiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.18.0075","article-title":"The association between low vitamin D status and autoimmune thyroid disease in Korean premenopausal women: The 6th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey, 2013\u20132014","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0166","article-title":"Vitamin D in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and its relationship with thyroid function and inflammatory status","volume":"65","author":"Botelho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0942-5","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms\/haplotypes and serum 25(OH)D3 levels in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"55","author":"Giovinazzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1982.tb02633.x","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism in hyperthyroidism","volume":"17","author":"MacFarlane","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ16-0547","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D serum level in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, but not Graves\u2019 disease is relatively deficient","volume":"64","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"385","article-title":"Low vitamin D status is associated with hypothyroid Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2018.0065","article-title":"Vitamin D status including 3-epi-25(OH)D3 among adult patients with thyroid disorders during summer months","volume":"69","author":"Minkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0064-y","article-title":"The association between serum 25OHD levels and hypothyroid Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"37","author":"Mansournia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872016000500009","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in children with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"144","author":"Ozer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-018-0314-7","article-title":"Low vitamin D levels are associated with cognitive impairment in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.2011","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis in children and adolescents: A critical vitamin D level for this association?","volume":"7","author":"Acar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1639","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001639","article-title":"Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with 3 types of autoimmune thyroid diseases","volume":"94","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2014.55.2.476","article-title":"Low serum vitamin D is associated with anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody in autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"55","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80698-9","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in infants with congenital hypothyroidism and its relation to vitamin D and thyroid hormones","volume":"109","author":"Tau","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10049","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and inflammatory factors in patients with hyperthyroidism","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7700","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007700","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D might be an independent prognostic factor for Graves disease recurrence","volume":"96","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0252-4","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D predict prognosis in radioiodine therapy of Graves\u2019 disease","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14191.OR","article-title":"Low vitamin D status is associated with increased thyrotropin-receptor antibody titer in Graves disease","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0376-1","article-title":"Changes of serum 25(OH) D3 and IGF-1 levels in patients with thyroid nodules","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2021.2010842","article-title":"Correlation between pre-operative 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and poor prognostic factors for papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"35","author":"Abuduwaili","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0090","article-title":"Low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D is associated with poor clinicopathologic characteristics in female patients with papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0516","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level does not affect the aggressiveness and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"26","author":"Ahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-10","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is unreliable as a risk factor and prognostic marker in papillary thyroid cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2021-0019","article-title":"Vitamin D and iodine status was associated with the risk and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China","volume":"16","author":"Zhuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pbj.0000000000000159","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in a population from Argentina with metabolic disorders","volume":"7","author":"Luciardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Porto Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12349","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in non-lactating women with post-partum thyroiditis: The effect of L-thyroxine treatment","volume":"116","author":"Krysiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Does severe vitamin D deficiency impact obstetric outcomes in pregnant women with thyroid autoimmunity?","volume":"33","author":"Bozdag","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.125","article-title":"Thyroid function and 25 (OH) vitamin D level among Sudanese women in early pregnancy","volume":"6","author":"Musa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Miao, W., Li, C., Yu, X., Shan, Z., Guan, H., and Teng, W. (2014). Dynamic changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy and lack of effect on thyroid parameters. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090161"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1393659","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and thyroid function in second-trimester pregnant women","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"1278","article-title":"Expression and clinical significance of serum 25-OH-D in pregnant women with SCH (Subclinical Hypothyroidism) and GDM (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus)","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pakistan J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0745-0","article-title":"Low 25 (OH) vitamin D levels are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Muscogiuri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120873","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: Pandemic?","volume":"103","author":"Cashman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214117","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4117","article-title":"Association of vitamin D levels, race\/ethnicity, and clinical characteristics with COVID-19 test results","volume":"4","author":"Meltzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396541","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/396541","article-title":"Vitamin D and Bone Disease","volume":"2013","author":"Christodoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26360","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency as a potential culprit in critical COVID-19 patients","volume":"93","author":"Munshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1450-y","article-title":"Physiological serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with improved thyroid function-observations from a community-based program","volume":"58","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_603_17","article-title":"The effects of Vitamin D supplementation on thyroid function in hypothyroid patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Talaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02274-9","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on TSH levels in euthyroid subjects with autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"70","author":"Villa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13605","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D treatment on thyroid function and autoimmunity markers in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis\u2014A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.179997","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation reduces thyroid peroxidase antibody levels in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: An open-labeled randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0395-z","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplements on frequency of CD4+ T-cell subsets in women with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"73","author":"Nodehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13214","article-title":"Hyperprolactinaemia attenuates the inhibitory effect of vitamin D\/selenomethionine combination therapy on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A pilot study","volume":"45","author":"Krysiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13410","article-title":"Dehydroepiandrosterone potentiates the effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid women with autoimmune thyroiditis: A pilot study","volume":"48","author":"Krysiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2022.2129434","article-title":"Gluten-free diet attenuates the impact of exogenous vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in young women with autoimmune thyroiditis: A pilot study","volume":"82","author":"Krysiak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.JRMS_1048_16","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D deficiency treatment on thyroid function and autoimmunity markers in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Aminorroaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"329","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 loading and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on the decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in patients with hypothyroidism","volume":"113","author":"Barsony","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.214","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in non-lactating women with postpartum thyroiditis","volume":"70","author":"Krysiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.07.019","article-title":"Moderate-dose simvastatin therapy potentiates the effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in levothyroxine-treated women with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and vitamin D insufficiency","volume":"70","author":"Krysiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-123038","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in levothyroxine-treated women with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and normal vitamin D status","volume":"125","author":"Krysiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2018.10.012","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D and selenomethionine on thyroid antibody titers, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity and thyroid function tests in men with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: A pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Krysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2019.04.010","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid men with autoimmune thyroiditis and testosterone deficiency","volume":"71","author":"Krysiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0856-1044","article-title":"Can supplementation with vitamin D modify thyroid autoantibodies (Anti-TPO Ab, Anti-Tg Ab) and thyroid profile (T3, T4, TSH) in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis? A double blind, randomized clinical trial","volume":"51","author":"Chahardoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22357","article-title":"A comprehensive genetic and epidemiological association analysis of vitamin D with common diseases\/traits in the UK Biobank","volume":"45","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260388","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2260388","article-title":"Bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis for vitamin D and thyroid peroxidase antibody","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinology."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snellman, G., Melhus, H., Gedeborg, R., Byberg, L., Berglund, L., Wernroth, L., and Micha\u00eblsson, K. (2010). Determining vitamin D status: A comparison between commercially available assays. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/23307aa4-726e-4f11-86c0-8a292be33517"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690","article-title":"Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity","volume":"72","author":"Wortsman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09697.x","article-title":"Modelling the seasonal variation of vitamin D due to sun exposure","volume":"162","author":"Diffey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"54","article-title":"The dependency of vitamin D status on anthropometric data","volume":"21","author":"Datta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaysian J. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/3586\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:30:47Z","timestamp":1760121047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/3586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24043586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24043586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}