{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:12:52Z","timestamp":1780089172980,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]],"date-time":"2023-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia","award":["JPT(BKPI)1000\/016\/018\/25 (60)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPT(BKPI)1000\/016\/018\/25 (60)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella infections across the globe are becoming more challenging to control due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Lytic phages may be suitable alternatives for treating these multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections. Most Salmonella phages to date were collected from human-impacted environments. To further explore the Salmonella phage space, and to potentially identify phages with novel characteristics, we characterized Salmonella-specific phages isolated from the Penang National Park, a conserved rainforest. Four phages with a broad lytic spectrum (kills &gt;5 Salmonella serovars) were further characterized; they have isometric heads and cone-shaped tails, and genomes of ~39,900 bp, encoding 49 CDSs. As the genomes share a &lt;95% sequence similarity to known genomes, the phages were classified as a new species within the genus Kayfunavirus. Interestingly, the phages displayed obvious differences in their lytic spectrum and pH stability, despite having a high sequence similarity (~99% ANI). Subsequent analysis revealed that the phages differed in the nucleotide sequence in the tail spike proteins, tail tubular proteins, and portal proteins, suggesting that the SNPs were responsible for their differing phenotypes. Our findings highlight the diversity of novel Salmonella bacteriophages from rainforest regions, which can be explored as an antimicrobial agent against MDR-Salmonella strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T03:28:46Z","timestamp":1676258926000},"page":"3678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Phenotypic Characterization and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Novel Salmonella Bacteriophages Isolated from a Tropical Rainforest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Prasanna","family":"Mutusamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9958-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirnpal Kaur","family":"Banga Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7057-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Su Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Semeling 08100, Kedah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2472-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bent","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sicheritz-Ponten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha R. J.","family":"Clokie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5767-6146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stella","family":"Loke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories Australia Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3137, Australia"},{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Waurn Ponds Campus, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3895-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Millard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0101-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivachandran","family":"Parimannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heera","family":"Rajandas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2021.1244","article-title":"Salmonella spp. Infection\u2014A continuous threat worldwide","volume":"11","author":"Popa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","article-title":"Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections","volume":"28","author":"Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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