{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:41:44Z","timestamp":1792194104786,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a consequence of excessive alcohol use. According to many studies, alcohol represents a significant socioeconomic and health risk factor in today\u2019s population. According to data from the World Health Organization, there are about 75 million people who have alcohol disorders, and it is well known that its use leads to serious health problems. ALD is a multimodality spectrum that includes alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFL) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), consequently leading to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. In addition, the rapid progression of alcoholic liver disease can lead to alcoholic hepatitis (AH). Alcohol metabolism produces toxic metabolites that lead to tissue and organ damage through an inflammatory cascade that includes numerous cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the process of inflammation, mediators are cells of the immune system, but also resident cells of the liver, such as hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and Kupffer cells. These cells are activated by exogenous and endogenous antigens, which are called pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, DAMPs). Both are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which activation triggers the inflammatory pathways. It has been proven that intestinal dysbiosis and disturbed integrity of the intestinal barrier perform a role in the promotion of inflammatory liver damage. These phenomena are also found in chronic excessive use of alcohol. The intestinal microbiota has an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism, and its role in the treatment of ALD has been widely investigated. Prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, and symbiotics represent therapeutic interventions that can have a significant effect on the prevention and treatment of ALD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T05:59:40Z","timestamp":1676267980000},"page":"3735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Alcohol, Inflammation, and Microbiota in Alcoholic Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marija","family":"Duki\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-5416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijana","family":"Radonji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical 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Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Krai\u0161nik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojana","family":"Aran\u0111elovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1017-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Mandi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, 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Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Manojlovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anica","family":"Divac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Ga\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Brajkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, 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