{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T21:16:06Z","timestamp":1779052566047,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University","award":["HEA663000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEA663000017"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University","award":["NRCT5-RGJ63001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RGJ63001"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University","award":["NRCT-N41A640076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT-N41A640076"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["HEA663000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEA663000017"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["NRCT5-RGJ63001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RGJ63001"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["NRCT-N41A640076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT-N41A640076"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite an uncommon condition, the clinical management of phlegmon appendicitis (retention of the intra-abdominal appendiceal abscess) is still controversial, and probiotics might be partly helpful. Then, the retained ligated cecal appendage (without gut obstruction) with or without oral Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus dfa1 (started at 4 days prior to the surgery) was used as a representative model. At 5 days post-surgery, the cecal-ligated mice demonstrated weight loss, soft stool, gut barrier defect (leaky gut using FITC-dextran assay), fecal dysbiosis (increased Proteobacteria with reduced bacterial diversity), bacteremia, elevated serum cytokines, and spleen apoptosis without kidney and liver damage. Interestingly, the probiotics attenuated disease severity as indicated by stool consistency index, FITC-dextran assay, serum cytokines, spleen apoptosis, fecal microbiota analysis (reduced Proteobacteria), and mortality. Additionally, impacts of anti-inflammatory substances from culture media of the probiotics were demonstrated by attenuation of starvation injury in the Caco-2 enterocyte cell line as indicated by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), inflammatory markers (supernatant IL-8 with gene expression of TLR4 and NF-\u03baB), cell energy status (extracellular flux analysis), and the reactive oxygen species (malondialdehyde). In conclusion, gut dysbiosis and leaky-gut-induced systemic inflammation might be helpful clinical parameters for patients with phlegmon appendicitis. Additionally, the leaky gut might be attenuated by some beneficial molecules from probiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T02:16:01Z","timestamp":1676340961000},"page":"3756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus dfa1 Attenuate Cecal Ligation-Induced Systemic Inflammation through the Interference in Gut Dysbiosis, Leaky Gut, and Enterocytic Cell Energy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Tongthong","family":"Tongthong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warerat","family":"Kaewduangduen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pornpimol","family":"Phuengmaung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wiwat","family":"Chancharoenthana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asada","family":"Leelahavanichkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3225","article-title":"Model of Cecal Ligation and Puncture Mimicking Perforated Diverticulitis with Purulent Peritonitis","volume":"6","author":"Wallin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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