{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:53:19Z","timestamp":1785419599107,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although many studies have investigated the role of cytokines in bone metastases, our knowledge of their function in spine metastasis is limited. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to map the available evidence on the involvement of cytokines in spine metastasis in solid tumors. A PubMed search identified 211 articles demonstrating a functional link between cytokines\/cytokine receptors and bone metastases, including six articles confirming the role of cytokines\/cytokine receptors in spine metastases. A total of 68 cytokines\/cytokine receptors were identified to mediate bone metastases; 9 (mostly chemokines) played a role in spine metastases: CXC motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 5, CXCL12, CXC motif chemokine receptor (CXCR) 4, CXCR6, interleukin (IL) 10 in prostate cancer, CX3C motif chemokine ligand (CX3CL) 1 and CX3C motif chemokine receptor (CX3CR) 1 in liver cancer, CC motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 in breast cancer, and transforming growth factor (TGF) \u03b2 in skin cancer. Except for CXCR6, all cytokines\/cytokine receptors were shown to operate in the spine, with CX3CL1, CX3CR1, IL10, CCL2, CXCL12, and CXCR4 mediating bone marrow colonization, CXCL5 and TGF\u03b2 promoting tumor cell proliferation, and TGF\u03b2 additionally driving bone remodeling. The number of cytokines\/cytokine receptors confirmed to mediate spinal metastasis is low compared with the vast spectrum of cytokines\/cytokine receptors participating in other parts of the skeleton. Therefore, further research is needed, including validation of the role of cytokines mediating metastases to other bones, to precisely address the unmet clinical need associated with spine metastases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T02:41:56Z","timestamp":1676342516000},"page":"3785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Role of Cytokines in the Metastasis of Solid Tumors to the Spine: Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9979-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"\u0141ab\u0119d\u017a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Spine Orthopaedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6395-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Przybyla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3778-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zimna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9773-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Spine Orthopaedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Kubaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Spine Orthopaedics Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bone metastases","volume":"6","author":"Coleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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