{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:31:59Z","timestamp":1790029919296,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and may contribute to 60\u201370% of cases. Worldwide, around 50 million people suffer from dementia and the prediction is that the number will more than triple by 2050, as the population ages. Extracellular protein aggregation and plaque deposition as well as accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, all leading to neurodegeneration, are the hallmarks of brains with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Therapeutic strategies including active and passive immunizations have been widely explored in the last two decades. Several compounds have shown promising results in many AD animal models. To date, only symptomatic treatments are available and because of the alarming epidemiological data, novel therapeutic strategies to prevent, mitigate, or delay the onset of AD are required. In this mini-review, we focus on our understanding of AD pathobiology and discuss current active and passive immunomodulating therapies targeting amyloid-\u03b2 protein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T03:37:24Z","timestamp":1676432244000},"page":"3895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Brief History of Immunotherapies Targeting Amyloid \u03b2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anne-Cathrine S.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary T.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saiba AG, 8808 Pf\u00e4ffikon, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona O.","family":"Mohsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4370-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin F.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (RI), University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-044518","article-title":"Protein Misfolding Diseases","volume":"86","author":"Hartl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. 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