{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:48:07Z","timestamp":1791229687712,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan","award":["109-2314-B-182A-135-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-182A-135-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A low-energy shock wave (LESW) has therapeutic effects on chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/CPPS); however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. We explored the effects of LESW on the prostate and mitochondrial dynamics regulators in a rat model of carrageenan-induced prostatitis. The imbalance of mitochondrial dynamics regulators may affect the inflammatory process and molecules and contribute to CP\/CPPS. Male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats received intraprostatic 3% or 5% carrageenan injections. The 5% carrageenan group also received LESW treatment at 24 h, 7 days, and 8 days. Pain behavior was evaluated at baseline, 1 week, and 2 weeks after a saline or carrageenan injection. The bladder and the prostate were harvested for immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Intraprostatic carrageenan injection induced inflammatory reaction in the prostate and the bladder, decreased the pain threshold, and resulted in the upregulation of Drp-1, MFN-2, NLRP3 (mitochondrial integrity markers), substance P, and CGRP-RCP, whose effects were maintained for 1\u20132 weeks. LESW treatment suppressed carrageenan-induced prostatic pain, inflammatory reaction, mitochondrial integrity markers, and expression of sensory molecules. These findings support a link between the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of LESW in CP\/CPPS and the reversal of cellular perturbations caused by imbalances in mitochondrial dynamics in the prostate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T04:47:24Z","timestamp":1676436444000},"page":"3898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Low-Energy Shock Wave Suppresses Prostatic Pain and Inflammation by Modulating Mitochondrial Dynamics Regulators on a Carrageenan-Induced Prostatitis Model in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zong-Sheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0910-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hung-Jen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0701-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chia","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5988-0474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hou Lun","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6656-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsu-Kung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao-Chi","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12517","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and prostate cancer: Study of immune cells and cytokines","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fundam. 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