{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:06:15Z","timestamp":1792357575555,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spondyloarthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic immune disorders of the joints and the gut that often coexist in the same patient, increasing the burden of each disorder, worsening patients\u2019 quality of life, and influencing therapeutic strategies. Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, microbiome features, immune cell trafficking, and soluble factors such as cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of both articular and intestinal inflammation. Most of the molecular targeted biological therapies developed over the last two decades were based on evidence that specific cytokines may be involved in these immune diseases. Despite pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways sharing the pathogenesis of both articular and gut diseases (i.e., tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-23), several other cytokines (i.e., interleukin-17) may be differently involved in the tissue damage process, depending on the specific disease and the organ involved in inflammation, making difficult the identification of a therapeutic plan that is efficacious for both inflammatory manifestations. In this narrative review, we comprehensively summarize the current knowledge on cytokine involvement in spondyloarthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases, underlining similarities and differences among their pathogenetic pathways; finally, we provide an overview of current and potential future treatment strategies to simultaneously target both articular and gut immune disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T02:04:03Z","timestamp":1676513043000},"page":"3957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cytokines in Spondyloarthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Felice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of General Medicine 1, Ca\u2019 Foncello University Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8543-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Dal Buono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gabbiadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Rattazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of General Medicine 1, Ca\u2019 Foncello University Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Armuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22831","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis","volume":"68","author":"Stolwijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00360-x","article-title":"The four epidemiological stages in the global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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