{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:56:37Z","timestamp":1788396997713,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this review was to present the metabolism of vitamin D3, as well as to discuss the role of vitamin D3 in bone metabolism, temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA), and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) on the basis of the literature. Vitamin D3 plays a significant role in human health, as it affects the calcium-phosphate balance and regulates the bone metabolism. Calcitriol impresses the pleiotropic effect on human biology and metabolism. Its modulative function upon the immune system is based on the reduction of Th1 cell activity and increased immunotolerance. Vitamin D3 deficiency may lead to an imbalance in the relationship between Th1\/Th17 and Th2, Th17\/Th reg, and is considered by some authors as one of the possible backgrounds of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), e.g., Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis or Graves\u2019 disease. Moreover, vitamin D3, through its direct and indirect influence on bones and joints, may also play an important role in the development and progression of degenerative joint diseases, including temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis. Further randomized, double blind studies are needed to unequivocally confirm the relationship between vitamin D3 and abovementioned diseases and to answer the question concerning whether vitamin D3 supplementation may be used in the prevention and\/or treatment of either AITD or OA diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T03:56:07Z","timestamp":1676865367000},"page":"4080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Vitamin D3 Metabolism and Its Role in Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3897-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Szulc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"\u015awi\u0105tkowska-Stodulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-952 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5373-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Paw\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7203-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Derwich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711796642599","article-title":"Calcium metabolism & hypercalcemia in adults","volume":"18","author":"Lumachi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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