{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T18:21:35Z","timestamp":1777054895986,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/STG03\/UTAR\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/STG03\/UTAR\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4417\/M01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4417\/M01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007208","name":"Malaysia Toray Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/STG03\/UTAR\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/STG03\/UTAR\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007208","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007208","name":"Malaysia Toray Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4417\/M01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4417\/M01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007208","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms of substance use in schizophrenia. Brain neurons pose a potential to provide novel insights into the association between opioid addiction, withdrawal, and schizophrenia. Thus, we exposed zebrafish larvae at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) to domperidone (DPM) and morphine, followed by morphine withdrawal. Drug-induced locomotion and social preference were assessed, while the level of dopamine and the number of dopaminergic neurons were quantified. In the brain tissue, the expression levels of genes associated with schizophrenia were measured. The effects of DMP and morphine were compared to vehicle control and MK-801, a positive control to mimic schizophrenia. Gene expression analysis revealed that \u03b11C, \u03b11Sa, \u03b11Aa, drd2a, and th1 were up-regulated after 10 days of exposure to DMP and morphine, while th2 was down-regulated. These two drugs also increased the number of positive dopaminergic neurons and the total dopamine level but reduced the locomotion and social preference. The termination of morphine exposure led to the up-regulation of th2, drd2a, and c-fos during the withdrawal phase. Our integrated data implicate that the dopamine system plays a key role in the deficits in social behavior and locomotion that are common in the schizophrenia-like symptoms and opioid dependence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T03:56:07Z","timestamp":1676865367000},"page":"4088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrative Roles of Dopamine Pathway and Calcium Channels Reveal a Link between Schizophrenia and Opioid Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0665-2109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siroshini K.","family":"Thiagarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-6292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siew Ying","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6664-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishwar S.","family":"Parhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-655X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pek Yee","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.35910","article-title":"Comorbidity of substance abuse and other psychiatric disorders in acute general psychiatric admissions: A study from Lebanon","volume":"43","author":"Karam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp016","article-title":"Substance Use Disorders in Schizophrenia\u2014Clinical Implications of Comorbidity","volume":"35","author":"Volkow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3726","article-title":"Comorbidity of severe psychotic disorders with measures of substance use","volume":"71","author":"Hartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1988.49.219","article-title":"The co-occurrence of alcoholism with other psychiatric disorders in the general population and its impact on treatment","volume":"49","author":"Helzer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246489","article-title":"Schizophrenia and psychostimulant abuse: A review and re-analysis of clinical evidence","volume":"121","author":"LeDuc","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00045-0","article-title":"Differential prevalence of cigarette smoking in patients with schizophrenic vs mood disorders","volume":"33","author":"Diwan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.064220","article-title":"High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis","volume":"195","author":"Morgan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"370","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001","article-title":"Association between cannabis and psychosis: Epidemiologic evidence","volume":"79","author":"Gage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003172","article-title":"Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"47","author":"Gage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/23.2.195","article-title":"Substance use disorder and the early course of illness in schizophrenia and affective psychosis","volume":"23","author":"Kovasznay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"99","article-title":"Substance abuse and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia","volume":"22","author":"Addington","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00261-4","article-title":"Medication compliance and comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenia: Impact on community survival 4 years after a relapse","volume":"54","author":"Hunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000202575.79453.6e","article-title":"Substance use in persons with schizophrenia: Baseline prevalence and correlates from the NIMH CATIE study","volume":"194","author":"Swartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.04.011","article-title":"The impact of substance use disorders on the course of schizophrenia\u2014A 15-year follow-up study: Dual diagnosis over 15 years","volume":"130","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0413-4","article-title":"Evaluation of factors influencing medication compliance in inpatient treatment of psychotic disorders","volume":"187","author":"Janssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001497","article-title":"Use of benzodiazepines and antipsychotic drugs are inversely associated with acute readmission risk in schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"Mellesdal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.7.1348713","article-title":"Dopaminergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Goldstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.14.8104","article-title":"Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia","volume":"97","author":"Rodenhiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.12.007","article-title":"Baseline and amphetamine-stimulated dopamine activity are related in drug-naive schizophrenic subjects","volume":"65","author":"Slifstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212799316217","article-title":"From the prodrome to chronic schizophrenia: The neurobiology underlying psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairments","volume":"18","author":"Howes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.169","article-title":"The nature of dopamine dysfunction in schizophrenia and what this means for treatment: Meta-analysis of imaging studies","volume":"69","author":"Howes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt264","article-title":"Midbrain dopamine function in schizophrenia and depression: A post-mortem and positron emission tomographic imaging study","volume":"136","author":"Howes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.11.1474","article-title":"Dopamine in schizophrenia: A review and reconceptualization","volume":"148","author":"Davis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30050-6","article-title":"Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: New developments and unanswered research questions","volume":"5","author":"Galderisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00486-4","article-title":"A sex difference in mouse dopaminergic projections from the midbrain to basolateral amygdala","volume":"13","author":"Manion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2196","article-title":"Ventral striatal activation during reward processing in psychosis: A neurofunctional meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Radua","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01861-8","article-title":"Glutamatergic dysfunction leads to a hyper-dopaminergic phenotype through deficits in short-term habituation: A mechanism for aberrant salience","volume":"28","author":"Panayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.14.5274","article-title":"Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats","volume":"85","author":"Imperato","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2903550","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence","volume":"242","author":"Koob","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25966.x","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement","volume":"654","author":"Koob","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"409","article-title":"Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D2receptors","volume":"291","author":"Volkow","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01038-6","article-title":"Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria","volume":"49","author":"Drevets","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.87","article-title":"Ventral striatal dopamine release in response to smoking a regular vs a denicotinized cigarette","volume":"34","author":"Brody","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10226","article-title":"Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens","volume":"49","author":"Boileau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.138","article-title":"\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum","volume":"34","author":"Bossong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00965-0","article-title":"Brain reward circuitry: Insights from unsensed incentives","volume":"36","author":"Wise","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06916.x","article-title":"Neural encoding of cocaine-seeking behavior is coincident with phasic dopamine release in the accumbens core and shell","volume":"30","author":"Ariansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rklund, A., and Hokfelt, T. (1984). Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy Vol. 2: Classical Transmitters in the CNS, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.1055","article-title":"Molecular and pharmacological properties of insect biogenic amine receptors: Lessons from Drosophila melanogaster and Apis mellifera","volume":"48","author":"Blenau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10027","article-title":"Biochemistry and molecular biology of receptors for biogenic amines in locusts","volume":"56","author":"Roeder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199405000-00031","article-title":"Target cells modulate dopamine transporter gene expression during brain development","volume":"5","author":"Tino","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Watson, R.R. (2017). Physical Activity and the Aging Brain, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.028","article-title":"Calcium signaling","volume":"131","author":"Clapham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2578071","article-title":"Two distinct populations of calcium channels in a clonal line of pituitary cells","volume":"227","author":"Armstrong","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.86.1.1","article-title":"Two kinds of calcium channels in canine atrial cells. Differences in kinetics, selectivity, and pharmacology","volume":"86","author":"Bean","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wmts.102","article-title":"L-type Ca2+ channels in heart and brain","volume":"3","author":"Striessnig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Membr. Transp. Signal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu150","article-title":"Calcium currents regulate dopamine autoreceptors","volume":"137","author":"Borgkvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.09.002","article-title":"Genetic disruption of voltage-gated calcium channels in psychiatric and neurological disorders","volume":"134","author":"Heyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.5","article-title":"Targeting voltage-gated calcium channels in neurological and psychiatric diseases","volume":"15","author":"Zamponi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.017","article-title":"Calcium channels, synaptic plasticity, and neuropsychiatric disease","volume":"98","author":"Nanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014). Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature, 511, 421\u2013427.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.016","article-title":"Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels: Structure, function, and dysfunction","volume":"82","author":"Simms","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.07.011","article-title":"Genetic risk for schizophrenia: Convergence on synaptic pathways involved in plasticity","volume":"77","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby096","article-title":"CACNA1C: Association with psychiatric disorders, behavior, and neurogenesis","volume":"44","author":"Moon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.06.001","article-title":"CACNA1C (Cav1. 2) in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disease","volume":"99","author":"Bhat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.12.002","article-title":"Zebrafish as an emerging model for studying complex brain disorders","volume":"35","author":"Kalueff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12111","article-title":"The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome","volume":"496","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1517\/17460440902988464","article-title":"Using zebrafish to assess the impact of drugs on neural development and function","volume":"4","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horzmann, K.A., and Freeman, J.L. (2016). Zebrafish get connected: Investigating neurotransmission targets and alterations in chemical toxicity. Toxics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics4030019"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(02)00354-1","article-title":"Development of the catecholaminergic system in the early zebrafish brain: An immunohistochemical study","volume":"137","author":"Rink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.19.030196.001535","article-title":"Addictive drugs and brain stimulation reward","volume":"19","author":"Wise","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.07990.x","article-title":"From prediction error to incentive salience: Mesolimbic computation of reward motivation","volume":"35","author":"Berridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0405-4","article-title":"Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenic patients treated with typical, not atypical, neuroleptics","volume":"187","author":"Juckel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu026","article-title":"Amotivation in schizophrenia: Integrated assessment with behavioral, clinical, and imaging measures","volume":"40","author":"Wolf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9023","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0918-12.2012","article-title":"Dual control of dopamine synthesis and release by presynaptic and postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"32","author":"Anzalone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14205","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1062-10.2010","article-title":"Frontostriatal involvement in task switching depends on genetic differences in d2 receptor density","volume":"30","author":"Stelzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86515","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21230","article-title":"Correlation of DRD2 mRNA expression levels with deficit syndrome severity in chronic schizophrenia patients receiving clozapine treatment","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-014-0889-2","article-title":"Whole-genome duplication in teleost fishes and its evolutionary consequences","volume":"289","author":"Glasauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20075","article-title":"Evolution and expression of D2 and D3 dopamine receptor genes in zebrafish","volume":"230","author":"Boehmler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(92)90105-K","article-title":"Chronic administration of NMDA antagonists induces D2 receptor synthesis in rat striatum","volume":"14","author":"Micheletti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00501-U","article-title":"Chronic treatment with dizocilpine maleate increases the number of striatal neurons expressing the D2 receptor gene","volume":"65","author":"Lannes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01241-9","article-title":"Differential regulation, by MK801, of dopamine receptor gene expression in rat nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic systems","volume":"708","author":"Healy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:11:2:121","article-title":"Modulation of dopamine D2 receptor expression by an NMDA receptor antagonist in rat brain","volume":"11","author":"Nair","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90108-M","article-title":"Interactions between glutamatergic and monoaminergic system within the basal ganglia-implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Carlsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"91","article-title":"The depolarization block hypothesis of neuroleptic action: Implications for the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"36","author":"Grace","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12209","article-title":"Regulation of dopaminergic markers expression in response to acute and chronic morphine and to morphine withdrawal","volume":"21","author":"Laorden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22214","article-title":"Genetic dissection of dopaminergic and noradrenergic contributions to catecholaminergic tracts in early larval zebrafish","volume":"518","author":"Kastenhuber","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22213","article-title":"Expression of the paralogous tyrosine hydroxylase encoding genes th1 and th2 reveals the full complement of dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons in zebrafish larval and juvenile brain","volume":"518","author":"Filippi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-014-1240-z","article-title":"The tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (TH2) system in zebrafish brain and stress activation of hypothalamic cells","volume":"142","author":"Semenova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.11.064","article-title":"Motor behavior mediated by continuously generated dopaminergic neurons in the zebrafish hypothalamus recovers after cell ablation","volume":"26","author":"McPherson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.09.002","article-title":"Hypothalamic dopamine neurons control sensorimotor behavior by modulating brainstem premotor nuclei in zebrafish","volume":"30","author":"Barrios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2174\/1876386300902010011","article-title":"c-Fos and pERK, which is a better marker for neuronal activation and central sensitization after noxious stimulation and tissue injury?","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Open Pain J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.10.008","article-title":"Modulatory effects of an NMDAR partial agonist in MK-801-induced memory impairment","volume":"311","author":"Vishnoi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04110.x","article-title":"DeltaFosB accumulates in a GABAergic cell population in the posterior tail of the ventral tegmental area after psychostimulant treatment","volume":"21","author":"Perrotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00984.x","article-title":"Pharmacological recruitment of the GABAergic tail of the ventral tegmental area by acute drug exposure","volume":"161","author":"Kaufling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90872-9","article-title":"Induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene during opiate withdrawal in the locus coeruleus and other regions of the rat brain","volume":"525","author":"Hayward","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90055-R","article-title":"Autonomic areas of rat brain exhibit increased Fos-like immunoreactivity during opiate withdrawal in rats","volume":"624","author":"Stornetta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890200110","article-title":"NMDA antagonists and clonidine block c-Fos expression during morphine withdrawal","volume":"20","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.139","article-title":"Response of the tail of the ventral tegmental area to aversive stimuli","volume":"42","author":"Faivre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2015.1147","article-title":"Simple method for immunohistochemical staining of zebrafish brain sections for c-fos protein expression","volume":"12","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-021-00760-3","article-title":"Pharmacological blockade of dopamine D1- or D2-receptor in the prefrontal cortex induces attentional impairment in the object-based attention test through different neuronal circuits in mice","volume":"14","author":"Wulaer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70246-6","article-title":"Calcium, ageing, and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Surmeier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81816-4","article-title":"CREB phosphorylation and dephosphorylation: A Ca2+-and stimulus duration\u2013dependent switch for hippocampal gene expression","volume":"87","author":"Bito","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063395","article-title":"Signaling to the nucleus by an L-type calcium channel-calmodulin complex through the MAP kinase pathway","volume":"294","author":"Dolmetsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03446.2003","article-title":"Interactions with PDZ proteins are required for L-type calcium channels to activate cAMP response element-binding protein-dependent gene expression","volume":"23","author":"Weick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4554-04.2005","article-title":"Association of CaV1. 3 L-type calcium channels with Shank","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/44378","article-title":"L-type calcium channels and GSK-3 regulate the activity of NF-ATc4 in hippocampal neurons","volume":"401","author":"Graef","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2014.12.021","article-title":"PresyNaptic calcium channels: Why is P selected before N?","volume":"108","author":"Stanley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.01.005","article-title":"The nanophysiology of fast transmitter release","volume":"39","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7397","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07397.2001","article-title":"Altered responsiveness to cocaine and increased immobility in the forced swim test associated with elevated cAMP response element-binding protein expression in nucleus accumbens","volume":"21","author":"Pliakas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10883","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10883.2002","article-title":"Inhibition of cAMP response element-binding protein or dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens produces an antidepressant-like effect","volume":"22","author":"Newton","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiagarajan, S.K., Mok, S.Y., Ogawa, S., Parhar, I.S., and Tang, P.Y. (2022). Receptor-mediated AKT\/PI3K signalling and behavioural alterations in zebrafish larvae reveal association between schizophrenia and opioid use disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094715"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01850-0","article-title":"Calcium channelopathies and intellectual disability: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Kessi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617718356","article-title":"Our (mother\u2019s) mitochondria and our mind","volume":"13","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.09.011","article-title":"CaV1. 2 calcium channel dysfunction causes a multisystem disorder including arrhythmia and autism","volume":"119","author":"Splawski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502506102","article-title":"Severe arrhythmia disorder caused by cardiac L-type calcium channel mutations","volume":"102","author":"Splawski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.34355","article-title":"Long QT, syndactyly, joint contractures, stroke and novel CACNA1C mutation: Expanding the spectrum of Timothy syndrome","volume":"158","author":"Gillis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00257.x","article-title":"Repression of cap-dependent translation by 4E-binding protein 1: Competition with p220 for binding to eukaryotic initiation factor-4E","volume":"14","author":"Haghighat","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00225","article-title":"Peripheral transcription of NRG-ErbB pathway genes are upregulated in treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Mostaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.08.008","article-title":"DISC1 regulates new neuron development in the adult brain via modulation of AKT-mTOR signaling through KIAA1212","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.12.033","article-title":"mTOR Inhibition ameliorates cognitive and affective deficits caused by Disc1 knockdown in adult-born dentate granule neurons","volume":"77","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12622","article-title":"Is the mTOR-signalling cascade disrupted in Schizophrenia?","volume":"129","author":"Gururajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e663","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.119","article-title":"Reduced protein synthesis in schizophrenia patient-derived olfactory cells","volume":"5","author":"English","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2006.00243.x","article-title":"D4 Dopamine receptor genes of zebrafish and effects of the antipsychotic clozapine on larval swimming behaviour","volume":"6","author":"Boehmler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.01.013","article-title":"Effects of embryonic ethanol exposure at low doses on neuronal development, voluntary ethanol consumption and related behaviors in larval and adult zebrafish: Role of hypothalamic orexigenic peptides","volume":"304","author":"Sterling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12874","article-title":"ToxTrac: A fast and robust software for tracking organisms","volume":"9","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(03)00080-0","article-title":"Ketamine-induced changes in rat behaviour: A possible animal model of schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Becker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"942","article-title":"Short technical reports. Modification of the TRI reagent procedure for isolation of RNA from polysaccharide-and proteoglycan-rich sources","volume":"19","author":"Chomczynski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb179226","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.179226","article-title":"Expression of calcium channel transcripts in the zebrafish heart: Dominance of T-type channels","volume":"221","author":"Haverinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Keow, J. (2016). Physiological and Behavioral Changes in a Rotenone Model of Dopamine Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration in Zebrafish. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ottawa]."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5162","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5162","article-title":"The effects of auditory enrichment on zebrafish behavior and physiology","volume":"6","author":"Barcellos","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2012.07.030","article-title":"MANF regulates dopaminergic neuron development in larval zebrafish","volume":"370","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113309","article-title":"The bullies are the leaders of the next generation: Inherited aminergic neurotransmitter system changes in socially dominant zebrafish, Danio rerio","volume":"409","author":"Sundvik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Gao, L., Han, Q., Li, A., Yu, H., Liu, D., and Pang, Q. (2019). GSK-3\u03b2 at the crossroads in regulating protein synthesis and lipid deposition in zebrafish. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8030205"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00321-6","article-title":"Physical dependence on Ultram\u00ae(tramadol hydrochloride): Both opioid-like and atypical withdrawal symptoms occur","volume":"69","author":"Senay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1171","article-title":"Comprehensive catecholaminergic projectome analysis reveals single-neuron integration of zebrafish ascending and descending dopaminergic systems","volume":"2","author":"Tay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/4088\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:39:47Z","timestamp":1760121587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/4088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24044088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24044088","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]}}}