{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T10:43:12Z","timestamp":1793788992699,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University Internal Research","award":["6-ZD-22\/3\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-ZD-22\/3\/2022"]}]},{"name":"R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University Research Department","award":["6-ZD-22\/3\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-ZD-22\/3\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive, severely debilitating, and multifactorial joint disease that is recognized as the most common type of arthritis. During the last decade, it shows an incremental global rise in prevalence and incidence. The interaction between etiologic factors that mediate joint degradation has been explored in numerous studies. However, the underlying processes that induce OA remain obscure, largely due to the variety and complexity of these mechanisms. During synovial joint dysfunction, the osteochondral unit undergoes cellular phenotypic and functional alterations. At the cellular level, the synovial membrane is influenced by cartilage and subchondral bone cleavage fragments and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation products from apoptotic and necrotic cells. These \u201cforeign bodies\u201d serve as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger innate immunity, eliciting and sustaining low-grade inflammation in the synovium. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular communication networks established between the major joint compartments\u2014the synovial membrane, cartilage, and subchondral bone of normal and OA-affected joints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:28:57Z","timestamp":1676867337000},"page":"4120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Healthy and Osteoarthritis-Affected Joints Facing the Cellular Crosstalk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6324-0453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofija","family":"Semenistaja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Doctoral Studies, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3589-9429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Skuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anda","family":"Kadisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2616-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerija","family":"Groma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-216515","article-title":"Global, Regional and National Burden of Osteoarthritis 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"79","author":"Safiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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