{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:09:11Z","timestamp":1780531751608,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007801","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca-Murcia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00006\/COVI\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00006\/COVI\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda\/AEI\/FEDER","award":["00006\/COVI\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00006\/COVI\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional or compositional perturbations of the microbiome can occur at different sites, of the body and this dysbiosis has been linked to various diseases. Changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome are associated to patient\u2019s susceptibility to multiple viral infections, supporting the idea that the nasopharynx may be playing an important role in health and disease. Most studies on the nasopharyngeal microbiome have focused on a specific period in the lifespan, such as infancy or the old age, or have other limitations such as low sample size. Therefore, detailed studies analyzing the age- and sex-associated changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome of healthy people across their whole life are essential to understand the relevance of the nasopharynx in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, particularly viral infections. One hundred twenty nasopharyngeal samples from healthy subjects of all ages and both sexes were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Nasopharyngeal bacterial alpha diversity did not vary in any case between age or sex groups. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the predominant phyla in all the age groups, with several sex-associated. Acinetobacter, Brevundimonas, Dolosigranulum, Finegoldia, Haemophilus, Leptotrichia, Moraxella, Peptoniphilus, Pseudomonas, Rothia, and Staphylococcus were the only 11 bacterial genera that presented significant age-associated differences. Other bacterial genera such as Anaerococcus, Burkholderia, Campylobacter, Delftia, Prevotella, Neisseria, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, Ralstonia, Sphingomonas, and Corynebacterium appeared in the population with a very high frequency, suggesting that their presence might be biologically relevant. Therefore, in contrast to other anatomical areas such as the gut, bacterial diversity in the nasopharynx of healthy subjects remains stable and resistant to perturbations throughout the whole life and in both sexes. Age-associated abundance changes were observed at phylum, family, and genus levels, as well as several sex-associated changes probably due to the different levels of sex hormones present in both sexes at certain ages. Our results provide a complete and valuable dataset that will be useful for future research aiming for studying the relationship between changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome and susceptibility to or severity of multiple diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:28:57Z","timestamp":1676867337000},"page":"4127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Analysis of 16S rRNA Gene Sequence of Nasopharyngeal Exudate Reveals Changes in Key Microbial Communities Associated with Aging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Candel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inmunidad, Inflamaci\u00f3n y C\u00e1ncer, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular e Histolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-0163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia D.","family":"Tyrkalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inmunidad, Inflamaci\u00f3n y C\u00e1ncer, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular e Histolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"P\u00e9rez-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Moreno-Doc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Microbiolog\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Telomerasa, C\u00e1ncer y Envejecimiento, Servicio de Cirug\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2021-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Cayuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9527-0211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoriano","family":"Mulero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Inmunidad, Inflamaci\u00f3n y C\u00e1ncer, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular e Histolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.025","article-title":"You are what you host: Microbiome modulation of the aging process","volume":"156","author":"Heintz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tma.2020.07.004","article-title":"The microbiome: An emerging key player in aging and longevity","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. 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