{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:46:11Z","timestamp":1792691171244,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister Erna Hamiltons Foundation for art and sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In testicular germ cell tumor type II (TGCT), a seminoma subtype expresses an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) panel with four upregulated genes, OCT4\/POU5F1, SOX17, KLF4, and MYC, and embryonal carcinoma (EC) has four upregulated genes, OCT4\/POU5F1, SOX2, LIN28, and NANOG. The EC panel can reprogram cells into iPSC, and both iPSC and EC can differentiate into teratoma. This review summarizes the literature on epigenetic regulation of the genes. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as methylations of cytosines on the DNA string and methylations and acetylations of histone 3 lysines, regulate expression of these driver genes between the TGCT subtypes. In TGCT, the driver genes contribute to well-known clinical characteristics and the driver genes are also important for aggressive subtypes of many other malignancies. In conclusion, epigenetic regulation of the driver genes are important for TGCT and for oncology in general.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:28:57Z","timestamp":1676867337000},"page":"4148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Epigenetic Regulation of Driver Genes in Testicular Tumorigenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Finn E.","family":"von Eyben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tobacco Control Research, Birkevej 17, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6024-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Kristiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, August Krogh Building Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"BGI-Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China"},{"name":"Institute of Metagenomics, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, Qingdao 166555, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Kapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Preda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, San Cecilio University Hospital, 18071 Granada, CP, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco F.","family":"Nogales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University Granada, 18071 Granada, CP, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1959.0027","article-title":"Evolutionary adaptation","volume":"2","author":"Waddington","year":"1959","journal-title":"Perspect. 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