{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:11:34Z","timestamp":1791141094271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER, Fundo Europeu de Desenvolimento Regional","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FEDER, Fundo Europeu de Desenvolimento Regional","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/4255\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00092\/2014\/CP1255\/CT0004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, prostate cancer (PC) is the second most frequent cancer among men and the fifth leading cause of death; moreover, standard treatments for PC have several issues, such as side effects and mechanisms of resistance. Thus, it is urgent to find drugs that can fill these gaps, and instead of developing new molecules requiring high financial and time investments, it would be useful to select non-cancer approved drugs that have mechanisms of action that could help in PC treatment, a process known as repurposing drugs. In this review article, drugs that have potential pharmacological efficacy are compiled to be repurposed for PC treatment. Thus, these drugs will be presented in the form of pharmacotherapeutic groups, such as antidyslipidemic drugs, antidiabetic drugs, antiparasitic drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs, antidepressant drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antifungal drugs, immunosuppressant drugs, antipsychotic drugs, antiepileptic and anticonvulsant drugs, bisphosphonates and drugs for alcoholism, among others, and we will discuss their mechanisms of action in PC treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:28:57Z","timestamp":1676867337000},"page":"4154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pharmacological Efficacy of Repurposing Drugs in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"T\u00e2nia","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-1042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hern\u00e2ni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Pl\u00e1cido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1191","article-title":"Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00500","article-title":"Drug Repositioning for Effective Prostate Cancer Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Turanli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-6887.S2-e002","article-title":"Advantages and Challenges in Drug Re-Profiling","volume":"S2","author":"Agrawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacovigil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2018.886","article-title":"ReDO_DB: The Repurposing Drugs in Oncology Database","volume":"12","author":"Pantziarka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahmad, H.F., Demus, T., Moubarak, M.M., Daher, D., Carlos, J., Moreno, A., Polit, F., Lopez, O., Merhe, A., and Abou-kheir, W. (2022). Overcoming Drug Resistance in Advanced Prostate Cancer by Drug Repurposing. Med. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci10010015"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, D., and Vale, N. (2022). Antidepressant Drug Sertraline against Human Cancer Cells. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101513"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.05.015","article-title":"Drug Combination Therapy Increases Successful Drug Repositioning","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, D., and Vale, N. (2021). Synergistic Interaction of CPP2 Coupled with Thiazole Derivates Combined with Clotrimazole and Antineoplastic Drugs in Prostate and Colon Cancer Cell Lines. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111984"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-018-0079-0","article-title":"Androgen-Targeted Therapy in Men with Prostate Cancer: Evolving Practice and Future Considerations","volume":"22","author":"Crawford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siltari, A., Auvinen, A., and Murtola, T.J. (2021). Pharmacoepidemiological Evaluation in Prostate Cancer\u2014Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040696"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-022-00554-1","article-title":"Statins and Prostate Cancer\u2014Hype or Hope? The Epidemiological Perspective","volume":"25","author":"Craig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05821","article-title":"Drug Repurposing: A New Hope in Drug Discovery for Prostate Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Walker, R., and Whittlesea, C. (2012). Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Churchill Livingstone. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.04.003","article-title":"An Actionable Sterol-Regulated Feedback Loop Modulates Statin Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Longo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08619.x","article-title":"Nelfinavir Inhibits Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1 and Activating Transcription Factor 6 in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer","volume":"279","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, M., and Vale, N. (2022). Repurposing Alone and in Combination of the Antiviral Saquinavir with 5-Fluorouracil in Prostate and Lung Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012240"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0656-y","article-title":"Current and Future Use of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Infectious, Immune, Neoplastic, and Neurological Diseases: A Mini-Review","volume":"38","author":"Plantone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7827821","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7827821","article-title":"Association of Statin Use with the Risk of Incident Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"2022","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.24488","article-title":"Anticancer Properties of Fenofibrate: A Repurposing Use","volume":"9","author":"Lian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knura, M., Garczorz, W., Borek, A., Drzyma\u0142a, F., Rachwa\u0142, K., and George, K. (2021). The Influence of Anti-Diabetic Drugs on Prostate Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081827"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2022.7010","article-title":"Risk of New-Onset Prostate Cancer for Metformin Versus Sulfonylurea Use in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Propensity Score-Matched Study","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.187","article-title":"Systematic Review of Antitumour Efficacy and Mechanism of Metformin Activity in Prostate Cancer Models","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJUI Compass"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0681-5","article-title":"Repurposing Screen Identifies Mebendazole as a Clinical Candidate to Synergise with Docetaxel for Prostate Cancer Treatment","volume":"122","author":"Rushworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"365","article-title":"Mechanisms of Resistance in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC)","volume":"4","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-020-04041-z","article-title":"Antitumor Effects of Ivermectin at Clinically Feasible Concentrations Support Its Clinical Development as a Repositioned Cancer Drug","volume":"85","author":"Juarez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05182-0","article-title":"Integrated Analysis Reveals FOXA1 and Ku70\/Ku80 as Targets of Ivermectin in Prostate Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33425","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.564567","article-title":"Artesunate Induces Cell Death in Human Cancer Cells via Enhancing Lysosomal Function and Lysosomal Degradation of Ferritin","volume":"289","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2043","article-title":"Repurposing Antidepressant Sertraline as a Pharmacological Drug to Target Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Dual Activation of Apoptosis and Autophagy Signaling by Deregulating Redox Balance","volume":"10","author":"Chinnapaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"CD005247","article-title":"Chemotherapy for Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Shelley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0059","article-title":"Atorvastatin and Celecoxib in Combination Inhibits the Progression of Androgen-Dependent LNCaP Xenograft Prostate Tumors to Androgen Independence","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2020-0305","article-title":"Metoclopramide, Dexamethasone, or Palonosetron for Prevention of Delayed Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting After Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy (MEDEA): A Randomized, Phase III, Noninferiority Trial","volume":"26","author":"Toffoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000263","article-title":"Use of Corticosteroids for Pain Control in Cancer Patients with Bone Metastases: A Comprehensive Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1039\/C8BM01189C","article-title":"Repurposing Antitubercular Agent Isoniazid for Treatment of Prostate Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.70708","article-title":"Minocycline Binds and Inhibits LYN Activity to Prevent STAT3-Meditated Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.03.009","article-title":"Discovery of Therapeutic Agents for Prostate Cancer Using Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling and Drug Repositioning","volume":"42","author":"Turanli","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39806","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5655","article-title":"Repurposing of Nitroxoline as a Potential Anticancer Agent against Human Prostate Cancer\u2014a Crucial Role on AMPK\/MTOR Signaling Pathway and the Interplay with Chk2 Activation","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95507-4","article-title":"Exploring the Selectivity of Guanine Scaffold in Anticancer Drug Development by Computational Repurposing Approach","volume":"11","author":"Sherin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.13870","article-title":"PARP Inhibitors: From the Mechanism of Action to Clinical Practice","volume":"35","author":"Branco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997664","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.997664","article-title":"Therapeutic and Prognostic Potential of GPCRs in Prostate Cancer from Multi-Omics Landscape","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3906\/biy-1802-11","article-title":"In Vitro Anticancer Effect of Tricyclic Antidepressant Nortriptyline on Multiple Myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Durusu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turkish J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"74","article-title":"Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment through Global Propagation with a Greedy Algorithm in a Multilayer Network","volume":"19","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.20377","article-title":"Effect of Nortriptyline on Cytosolic Ca2+ Regulation and Viability in PC3 Human Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"71","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batty, M., Pugh, R., Rathinam, I., Simmonds, J., Walker, E., Forbes, A., Anoopkumar-dukie, S., Mcdermott, C.M., Spencer, B., and Christie, D. (2016). The Role of \u03b1 1-Adrenoceptor Antagonists in the Treatment of Prostate and Other Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081339"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2013.08.001","article-title":"Calcium Channel Blockers and Prostate Cancer","volume":"32","author":"Loughlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31901","article-title":"Use of Terbinafine and Risk of Death in Patients with Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"144","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"722","article-title":"Clotrimazole as a Cancer Drug: A Short Review","volume":"4","author":"Kadavakollu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, N., Zhang, Z., Tan, Y., Zhang, X., Wei, X., and Zhu, Q. (2022). Repurposing Antifungal Drugs for Cancer Therapy. J. Adv. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.08.018"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869461","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.869461","article-title":"Itraconazole Reverts ABCB1-Mediated Docetaxel Resistance in Prostate Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14406","article-title":"Conversion of Abiraterone to D4A Drives Anti-Tumour Activity in Prostate Cancer","volume":"523","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0077-y","article-title":"The Role of Ketoconazole in Current Prostate Cancer Care","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannidou, E., Moschetta, M., Shah, S., Parker, J.S., Ozturk, M.A., Pappas-gogos, G., Sheriff, M., Rassy, E., and Boussios, S. (2021). Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Treatment in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Molecular Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189926"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000207","article-title":"Evaluation and Active Treatment versus Active Surveillance of Localized Prostate Cancer in Renal Transplant Patients in the Era of Low and Very Low Risk Prostate Cancer","volume":"202","author":"Aminsharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15027","article-title":"Friend or Enemy? Review of 17\u03b2-HSD10 and Its Role in Human Health or Disease","volume":"155","author":"Vinklarova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2023, February 09). Reformulating a Novel Therapeutic for Lung Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d43747-020-00222-0."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.10.007","article-title":"Repurposing Antipsychotics of the Diphenylbutylpiperidine Class for Cancer Therapy","volume":"68","author":"Shaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.3229","article-title":"The Antipsychotic Drug Pimozide Inhibits Cell Growth in Prostate Cancer through Suppression of STAT3 Activation","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622001","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.622001","article-title":"Repurposing of the Antiepileptic Drug Levetiracetam to Restrain Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer and Inhibit Mast Cell Support to Adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Sulsenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"e3286","article-title":"Pain Management in Metastatic Bone Disease: A Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000358258","article-title":"Management of Bone Metastases in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate","volume":"92","author":"Cathomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Fang, D., Xu, J., and Luo, R. (2020). Various Pathways of Zoledronic Acid against Osteoclasts and Bone Cancer Metastasis: A Brief Review. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07568-9"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2015.10.022","article-title":"Recent Advances of Cocktail Chemotherapy by Combination Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"98","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-17-0157","article-title":"Ormeloxifene Suppresses Prostate Tumor Growth and Metastatic Phenotypes via Inhibition of Oncogenic \u03b2-Catenin Signaling and EMT Progression","volume":"16","author":"Hafeez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa271","article-title":"IKBKE Activity Enhances AR Levels in Advanced Prostate Cancer via Modulation of the Hippo Pathway","volume":"48","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117747025","article-title":"Memantine Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression in LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"37","author":"Albayrak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/4154\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:24Z","timestamp":1760121384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/4\/4154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24044154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24044154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]}}}