{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T22:13:10Z","timestamp":1787955190922,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Edward N. and Della L. Thome Memorial Foundation","award":["AG066627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG066627"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute of Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG066627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG066627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03b11-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) are members of the G-Protein Coupled Receptor superfamily and with other related receptors (\u03b2 and \u03b12), they are involved in regulating the sympathetic nervous system through binding and activation by norepinephrine and epinephrine. Traditionally, \u03b11-AR antagonists were first used as anti-hypertensives, as \u03b11-AR activation increases vasoconstriction, but they are not a first-line use at present. The current usage of \u03b11-AR antagonists increases urinary flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia. \u03b11-AR agonists are used in septic shock, but the increased blood pressure response limits use for other conditions. However, with the advent of genetic-based animal models of the subtypes, drug design of highly selective ligands, scientists have discovered potentially newer uses for both agonists and antagonists of the \u03b11-AR. In this review, we highlight newer treatment potential for \u03b11A-AR agonists (heart failure, ischemia, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease) and non-selective \u03b11-AR antagonists (COVID-19\/SARS, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and posttraumatic stress disorder). While the studies reviewed here are still preclinical in cell lines and rodent disease models or have undergone initial clinical trials, potential therapeutics discussed here should not be used for non-approved conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:28:57Z","timestamp":1676867337000},"page":"4188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["\u03b11-Adrenergic Receptors: Insights into Potential Therapeutic Opportunities for COVID-19, Heart Failure, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1790-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianne M.","family":"Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1948.153.3.586","article-title":"A study of the adrenotropic receptors","volume":"153","author":"Ahlquist","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am. 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