{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:32:31Z","timestamp":1791844351978,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Medical Research Council Singapore","award":["NMRC\/CSA\/017\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/CSA\/017\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elements of inflammation are found in almost all chronic ocular surface disease, such as dry eye disease. The chronicity of such inflammatory disease speaks to the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity. There has been a rising interest in omega-3 fatty acids to attenuate inflammation. While many cell-based (in vitro) studies verify the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3, different human trials report discordant outcomes after supplementation. This may be due to underlying inter-individual differences in inflammatory cytokine metabolism (such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1)), in which genetic differences might play a role, such as polymorphisms in the lymphotoxin alpha (LT-\u03b1) gene. Inherent TNF-\u03b1 production affects omega-3 response and is also associated with LT-\u03b1 genotype. Therefore, LT-\u03b1 genotype might predict omega-3 response. Using the NIH dbSNP, we analyzed the relative frequency of LT-\u03b1 polymorphisms among various ethnicities, each weighted by the genotype\u2019s probability of positive response. While the probability of response for unknown LT-\u03b1 genotypes are 50%, there is greater distinction in response rates between various genotypes. Hence, there is value in genetic testing to prognosticate an individual\u2019s response to omega-3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T02:07:44Z","timestamp":1676945264000},"page":"4236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Polymorphisms in Lymphotoxin-Alpha as the \u201cMissing Link\u201d in Prognosticating Favourable Response to Omega-3 Supplementation for Dry Eye Disease: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Paik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3986-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cornea and External Eye Disease, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.03.006","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report","volume":"15","author":"Willcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. 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