{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:17:34Z","timestamp":1791317854013,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Randomized clinical trials with statins and other lipid-lowering drugs have shown the presence of a \u201cresidual cardiovascular risk\u201d in those treated to \u201ctarget\u201d for LDL-cholesterol. This risk is mainly associated to lipid components other than LDL and in particular to remnant cholesterol (RC) and to lipoproteins rich in triglycerides in fasting and non-fasting conditions. During fasting, RCs correspond to the cholesterol content of the VLDL and their partially depleted triglyceride remnant containing apoB-100. Conversely, in non-fasting conditions, RCs include also cholesterol present in chylomicrons containing apoB-48. Therefore, RCs refer to total plasma cholesterol minus HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, that is, all the cholesterol present in the VLDL, chylomicrons and in their remnants. A large body of experimental and clinical data suggests a major role of RCs in the development of atherosclerosis. In fact, RCs easily pass the arterial wall and bind to the connective matrix stimulating the progression of smooth muscle cells and the proliferation of resident macrophages. RCs are a causal risk factor for cardiovascular events. Fasting and non-fasting RCs are equivalent for predicting vascular events. Further studies on drugs effect on RC levels and clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of RC reduction on cardiovascular events are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T03:04:12Z","timestamp":1676948652000},"page":"4268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Cholesterol Remnants, Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1708-272X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Baratta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4922-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Cocomello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0052-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Coronati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5222-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Ferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-5213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Pastori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9372-3923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Angelico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1199-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Del","family":"Ben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Policlinico Umberto 1, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-011-0669-5","article-title":"The epidemiological concept of residual risk","volume":"6","author":"Vanuzzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/suw010","article-title":"Residual cardiovascular risk","volume":"18","author":"Ferrari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005549","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005549","article-title":"Atherogenic Lipoprotein Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease and Residual Risk Among Individuals With Low Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol","volume":"6","author":"Lawler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.253757","article-title":"Increased Remnant Cholesterol Explains Part of Residual Risk of All-Cause Mortality in 5414 Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease","volume":"62","author":"Jepsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000146898.06923.80","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein triglycerides associated with low-grade systemic inflammation, adhesion molecules, and angiographic coronary artery disease: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study","volume":"110","author":"Scharnagl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003008","article-title":"Elevated remnant cholesterol causes both low-grade inflammation and ischemic heart disease, whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol causes ischemic heart disease without inflammation","volume":"128","author":"Varbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.050","article-title":"Remnant-Like Particle Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein Triglycerides, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"72","author":"Saeed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040583","article-title":"Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes","volume":"350","author":"Cannon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1410489","article-title":"Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"372","author":"Cannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvaa252","article-title":"Residual Cardiovascular Risk at Low LDL: Remnants, Lipoprotein(a), and Inflammation","volume":"67","author":"Hoogeveen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042729","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1042729","article-title":"The critical issue linking lipids and inflammation: Clinical utility of stopping oxidative stress","volume":"9","author":"Bale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2020.12.123","article-title":"Assessment of hepatic fibrosis in MAFLD: A new player in the evaluation of residual cardiovascular risk?","volume":"53","author":"Angelico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15943-z","article-title":"PNPLA3 variant and portal\/periportal histological pattern in patients with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A possible role for oxidative stress","volume":"7","author":"Carpino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S104369","article-title":"Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as a causal factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"12","author":"Toth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.RV16003","article-title":"Postprandial Hyperlipidemia and Remnant Lipoproteins","volume":"24","author":"Masuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)33455-6","article-title":"Remnant-like particle cholesterol and triglyceride levels of hypertriglyceridemic patients in the fed and fasted state","volume":"41","author":"Marcoux","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.12.005","article-title":"Quantifying atherogenic lipoproteins for lipid-lowering strategies: Consensus-based recommendations from EAS and EFLM","volume":"294","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.243139","article-title":"Nonfasting Lipid Profiles: The Way of the Future","volume":"61","author":"Langsted","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.1979","article-title":"Nonfasting for Routine Lipid Testing: From Evidence to Action","volume":"176","author":"Mora","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.1771","article-title":"Should we fast before we measure our lipids?","volume":"172","author":"Gaziano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011512","article-title":"LDL cholesterol as a predictor of mortality, and beyond: To fast or not to fast, that is the question?","volume":"130","author":"Eckel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.258897","article-title":"Fasting Is Not Routinely Required for Determination of a Lipid Profile: Clinical and Laboratory Implications Including Flagging at Desirable Concentration Cutpoints-A Joint Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"62","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.003","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"73","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804146","article-title":"Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: Influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction","volume":"118","author":"Langsted","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.777334","article-title":"Fasting compared with nonfasting lipids and apolipoproteins for predicting incident cardiovascular events","volume":"118","author":"Mora","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280532","article-title":"Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile","volume":"310","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.14.56","article-title":"Increased remnant lipoprotein in patients with coronary artery disease--evaluation utilizing a newly developed remnant assay, remnant lipoproteins cholesterol homogenous assay (RemL-C)","volume":"14","author":"Nakada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab293","article-title":"Directly measured vs. calculated remnant cholesterol identifies additional overlooked individuals in the general population at higher risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"42","author":"Varbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2018.287037","article-title":"Quantifying Atherogenic Lipoproteins: Current and Future Challenges in the Era of Personalized Medicine and Very Low Concentrations of LDL Cholesterol. A Consensus Statement from EAS and EFLM","volume":"64","author":"Langlois","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr112","article-title":"Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence and guidance for management","volume":"32","author":"Chapman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.4.534","article-title":"Selective retention of VLDL, IDL, and LDL in the arterial intima of genetically hyperlipidemic rabbits in vivo. Molecular size as a determinant of fractional loss from the intima-inner media","volume":"15","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308834","article-title":"Remnant Cholesterol Elicits Arterial Wall Inflammation and a Multilevel Cellular Immune Response in Humans","volume":"37","author":"Verweij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.6.670","article-title":"Remnant lipoproteins induce proatherothrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells through a redox-sensitive mechanism","volume":"102","author":"Doi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.I., Bettaieb, A., Sun, C., DeVerse, J.S., Radecke, C.E., Mathew, S., Edwards, C.M., Haj, F.G., Passerini, A.G., and Simon, S.I. (2013). Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein modulates endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 expression via differential regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078322"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00484-6","article-title":"Remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol is an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor in women: Results from the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"154","author":"McNamara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.09.074","article-title":"Prognostic value of remnant-like lipoprotein particle levels in patients with coronary artery disease and type II diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Fukushima","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.22.2858","article-title":"Remnant lipoprotein levels in fasting serum predict coronary events in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"99","author":"Kugiyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000173310.85845.7b","article-title":"Are remnant-like particles independent predictors of coronary heart disease incidence? The Honolulu Heart study","volume":"25","author":"Imke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.040","article-title":"Predictive value of remnant lipoprotein for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease after achievement of LDL-cholesterol goals","volume":"218","author":"Nakamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-14-0380","article-title":"High remnant lipoprotein predicts recurrent cardiovascular events on statin treatment after acute coronary syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002765","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002765","article-title":"Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: The Jackson Heart and Framingham Offspring Cohort Studies","volume":"5","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2016.04.011","article-title":"Remnant lipoproteinemia predicts cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease","volume":"69","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.10.008","article-title":"Remnant Cholesterol, Not LDL Cholesterol, Is Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"76","author":"Subirana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab432","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol predicts cardiovascular disease beyond LDL and ApoB: A primary prevention study","volume":"42","author":"Quispe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastori, D., Baratta, F., Novo, M., Cocomello, N., Violi, F., Angelico, F., and Del Ben, M. (2018). Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110378"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903390","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.903390","article-title":"Association of remnant cholesterol and lipid parameters with new-onset carotid plaque in Chinese population","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab705","article-title":"Elevated remnant cholesterol increases the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, and ischaemic stroke: A cohort-based study","volume":"43","author":"Wulff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadstr\u00f6m, B.N., Pedersen, K.M., Wulff, A.B., and Nordestgaard, B.G. (2023). Elevated remnant cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality. Eur. Heart J.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac822"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.1026","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease","volume":"61","author":"Varbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.234146","article-title":"Extreme nonfasting remnant cholesterol vs extreme LDL cholesterol as contributors to cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in 90000 individuals from the general population","volume":"61","author":"Varbo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13059","article-title":"Contribution of remnant cholesterol to cardiovascular risk","volume":"288","author":"Langsted","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984711","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.984711","article-title":"Remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular mortality","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032318","article-title":"Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Cardiovascular Events Among Patients Receiving Statin Therapy in the TNT Trial","volume":"138","author":"Fayyad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13863","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13863","article-title":"Effect of PCSK9 inhibitors on remnant cholesterol and lipid residual risk: The LIPID-REAL registry","volume":"52","author":"Cordero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210645","article-title":"Triglyceride Lowering with Pemafibrate to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"387","author":"Glynn","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812792","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"380","author":"Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22258","article-title":"Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk: The STRENGTH Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"324","author":"Nicholls","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-100","article-title":"Effects of icosapent ethyl on lipid and inflammatory parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus-2, residual elevated triglycerides (200\u2013500 mg\/dL), and on statin therapy at LDL-C goal: The ANCHOR study","volume":"12","author":"Brinton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059410","article-title":"Effects of Randomized Treatment With Icosapent Ethyl and a Mineral Oil Comparator on Interleukin-1\u03b2, Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Homocysteine, Lipoprotein(a), and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2: A REDUCE-IT Biomarker Substudy","volume":"146","author":"Ridker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01075-x","article-title":"Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cardiovascular Disease: The Debate Continues","volume":"25","author":"Sherratt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.15450","article-title":"Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"316","author":"Grossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","article-title":"2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)","volume":"37","author":"Piepoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.014","article-title":"2019 ESC\/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk","volume":"290","author":"Members","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307601","article-title":"Non-HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides: Implications for Coronary Atheroma Progression and Clinical Events","volume":"36","author":"Puri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.60.3.473","article-title":"Atherogenesis: A postprandial phenomenon","volume":"60","author":"Zilversmit","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/5\/4268\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:37:54Z","timestamp":1760121474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/5\/4268"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24054268"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24054268","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]}}}