{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:18:27Z","timestamp":1792804707786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the \u201cSoci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Rhumatologie\u201d","award":["N\u00b017-15-01099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b017-15-01099"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04g47ec58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the \u201cRussian Science Foundation\u201d","award":["N\u00b017-15-01099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b017-15-01099"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03y2gwe85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T cells are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accordingly, and to better understand T cells\u2019 contribution to RA, a comprehensive review based on an analysis of the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) was conducted. An immune CD8+ T cell senescence response is reported in RA and inflammatory diseases, which is driven by active viral antigens from latent viruses and cryptic self-apoptotic peptides. RA-associated pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cells are selected by MHC class II and immunodominant peptides, which are derived from molecular chaperones, host extra-cellular and cellular peptides that could be post-translationally modified (PTM), and bacterial cross-reactive peptides. A large panel of techniques have been used to characterize (auto)reactive T cells and RA-associated peptides with regards to their interaction with the MHC and TCR, capacity to enter the docking site of the shared epitope (DRB1-SE), capacity to induce T cell proliferation, capacity to select T cell subsets (Th1\/Th17, Treg), and clinical contribution. Among docking DRB1-SE peptides, those with PTM expand autoreactive and high-affinity CD4+ memory T cells in RA patients with an active disease. Considering original therapeutic options in RA, mutated, or altered peptide ligands (APL) have been developed and are tested in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:32:17Z","timestamp":1677036737000},"page":"4296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Characteristics of the (Auto)Reactive T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis According to the Immune Epitope Database"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Carl\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology and Cytology, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4293-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Degboe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"Ruyssen-Witrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina I.","family":"Arleevskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Clavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology and Cytology, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Renaudineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Institut F\u00e9d\u00e9ratif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, 31300 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Smolen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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