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Deregulation of HDAC expression or activity is often associated with several pathologies, suggesting potential for targeting these enzymes for therapeutic purposes. For example, HDAC expression and activity are higher in dystrophic skeletal muscles. General pharmacological blockade of HDACs, by means of pan-HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), ameliorates both muscle histological abnormalities and function in preclinical studies. A phase II clinical trial of the pan-HDACi givinostat revealed partial histological improvement and functional recovery of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) muscles; results of an ongoing phase III clinical trial that is assessing the long-term safety and efficacy of givinostat in DMD patients are pending. Here we review the current knowledge about the HDAC functions in distinct cell types in skeletal muscle, identified by genetic and -omic approaches. We describe the signaling events that are affected by HDACs and contribute to muscular dystrophy pathogenesis by altering muscle regeneration and\/or repair processes. Reviewing recent insights into HDAC cellular functions in dystrophic muscles provides new perspectives for the development of more effective therapeutic approaches based on drugs that target these critical enzymes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:32:17Z","timestamp":1677036737000},"page":"4306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Histone Deacetylases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications for Muscular Dystrophies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Martina","family":"Sandon\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-4290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Cavioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4265-7188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Renzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9256-8853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Cedola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00181 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), 73100 Lecce, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7373-1953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Coletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Aging B2A, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"McKinsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1912-0339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Moresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00181 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0566-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Saccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Science and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20021321","article-title":"Histone Deacetylases (HDACs): Characterization of the Classical HDAC Family","volume":"370","author":"Caron","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. 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