{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T07:39:46Z","timestamp":1793605186732,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"C1.2.PFE-CDI.2021-587\/","award":["41PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]},{"name":"C1.2.PFE-CDI.2021-587\/","award":["TE 112\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TE 112\/2022"]}]},{"name":"C1.2.PFE-CDI.2021-587\/","award":["33\/PFE\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33\/PFE\/2021"]}]},{"name":"PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-1515","award":["41PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]},{"name":"PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-1515","award":["TE 112\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TE 112\/2022"]}]},{"name":"PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-1515","award":["33\/PFE\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33\/PFE\/2021"]}]},{"name":"EURO-MEDEX","award":["41PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]},{"name":"EURO-MEDEX","award":["TE 112\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TE 112\/2022"]}]},{"name":"EURO-MEDEX","award":["33\/PFE\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33\/PFE\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the increase in the life span and mobility at older ages, the number of implanted prosthetic joints is constantly increasing. However, the number of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs), one of the most severe complications after total joint arthroplasty, also shows an increasing trend. PJI has an incidence of 1\u20132% in the case of primary arthroplasties and up to 4% in the case of revision operations. The development of efficient protocols for managing periprosthetic infections can lead to the establishment of preventive measures and effective diagnostic methods based on the results obtained after the laboratory tests. In this review, we will briefly present the current methods used in PJI diagnosis and the current and emerging synovial biomarkers used for the prognosis, prophylaxis, and early diagnosis of periprosthetic infections. We will discuss treatment failure that may result from patient factors, microbiological factors, or factors related to errors during diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:32:17Z","timestamp":1677036737000},"page":"4320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Challenge of Periprosthetic Joint Infection Diagnosis: From Current Methods to Emerging Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2409-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corneliu Ovidiu","family":"Vrancianu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Serban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Gheorghe-Barbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilda","family":"Czobor Barbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana Elena","family":"Cristian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6098-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Carmen","family":"Chifiriuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalin","family":"Cirstoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Emergency Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180092","article-title":"Periprosthetic joint infection: Current concepts and outlook","volume":"4","author":"Izakovicova","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.104B11.BJJ-2022-0944","article-title":"Periprosthetic joint infection: What next?","volume":"104-B","author":"Rajput","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone Joint J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2022.05.011","article-title":"Volume and Outcomes of Joint Arthroplasty","volume":"37","author":"Pappas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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