{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:40:53Z","timestamp":1793234453899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke is the main cause of death and the most common cause of acquired physical disability worldwide. Recent demographic changes increase the relevance of stroke and its sequelae. The acute treatment for stroke is restricted to causative recanalization and restoration of cerebral blood flow, including both intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. Still, only a limited number of patients are eligible for these time-sensitive treatments. Hence, new neuroprotective approaches are urgently needed. Neuroprotection is thus defined as an intervention resulting in the preservation, recovery, and\/or regeneration of the nervous system by interfering with the ischemic-triggered stroke cascade. Despite numerous preclinical studies generating promising data for several neuroprotective agents, successful bench-to-bedside translations are still lacking. The present study provides an overview of current approaches in the research field of neuroprotective stroke treatment. Aside from \u201ctraditional\u201d neuroprotective drugs focusing on inflammation, cell death, and excitotoxicity, stem-cell-based treatment methods are also considered. Furthermore, an overview of a prospective neuroprotective method using extracellular vesicles that are secreted from various stem cell sources, including neural stem cells and bone marrow stem cells, is also given. The review concludes with a short discussion on the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis that may serve as a potential target for future neuroprotective therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T03:32:17Z","timestamp":1677036737000},"page":"4334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Neuroprotective Strategies for Ischemic Stroke\u2014Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Haupt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of G\u00f6ttingen Medical School, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan T.","family":"Gerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"B\u00e4hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of G\u00f6ttingen Medical School, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorsten R.","family":"Doeppner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of G\u00f6ttingen Medical School, 37075 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35032 Marburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Medipol University Istanbul, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012781","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Stroke and Access to Acute Ischemic Stroke Interventions","volume":"97","author":"Saini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.2001.1027","article-title":"Neuroprotection and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"9","author":"Vajda","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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