{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:20:39Z","timestamp":1792182039860,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Competitiveness","award":["PID2021-128737NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-128737NB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the main type of dementia and is a disease with a profound socioeconomic burden due to the lack of effective treatment. In addition to genetics and environmental factors, AD is highly associated with metabolic syndrome, defined as the combination of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Among these risk factors, the connection between AD and T2DM has been deeply studied. It has been suggested that the mechanism linking both conditions is insulin resistance. Insulin is an important hormone that regulates not only peripheral energy homeostasis but also brain functions, such as cognition. Insulin desensitization, therefore, could impact normal brain function increasing the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders in later life. Paradoxically, it has been demonstrated that decreased neuronal insulin signalling can also have a protective role in aging and protein-aggregation-associated diseases, as is the case in AD. This controversy is fed by studies focused on neuronal insulin signalling. However, the role of insulin action on other brain cell types, such as astrocytes, is still unexplored. Therefore, it is worthwhile exploring the involvement of the astrocytic insulin receptor in cognition, as well as in the onset and\/or development of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T02:57:34Z","timestamp":1677121054000},"page":"4354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Focus on Insulin Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Amaia","family":"Ezkurdia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3488-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda J.","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7670-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maite","family":"Solas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdISNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61349-9","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ballard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00047","article-title":"Meta-Review of CSF Core Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The State-of-the-Art after the New Revised Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"6","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. 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