{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T23:37:36Z","timestamp":1783726656517,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI19CIII\/00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19CIII\/00003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is no cure for most diseases, which are treated symptomatically. Hence, new strategies are required to deepen the understanding of the disease and development of therapeutic strategies. The advent of stem cell and organoid technology has enabled the development of human pluripotent stem cell lines and adequate differentiation protocols for developing both airways and lung organoids in different formats. These novel human-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived organoids have enabled relatively accurate disease modeling. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal and debilitating disease that exhibits prototypical fibrotic features that may be, to some extent, extrapolated to other conditions. Thus, respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or the one caused by SARS-CoV-2 may reflect some fibrotic aspects reminiscent of those present in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Modeling of fibrosis of the airways and the lung is a real challenge due to the large number of epithelial cells involved and interaction with other cell types of mesenchymal origin. This review will focus on the status of respiratory disease modeling from human-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived organoids, which are being used to model several representative respiratory diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T03:56:58Z","timestamp":1677124618000},"page":"4413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modeling of Respiratory Diseases Evolving with Fibrosis from Organoids Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Chamorro-Herrero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology of Stem Cells and Organoids, Chronic Diseases Program, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5677-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology of Stem Cells and Organoids, Chronic Diseases Program, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04552-0","article-title":"Human distal airways contain a multipotent secretory cell that can regenerate alveoli","volume":"604","author":"Basil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0394-6","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of the airway epithelium reveals the CFTR-rich pulmonary ionocyte","volume":"560","author":"Plasschaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0","article-title":"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lozano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110551","article-title":"Integrating mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"208","author":"Wynn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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