{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T04:44:26Z","timestamp":1766983466209,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research and Higher Education\u2013the Medical University of Gda\u0144sk fund","award":["ST-57 02-0057\/07\/248","71\u201301415zd0004611\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST-57 02-0057\/07\/248","71\u201301415zd0004611\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild thiamine deficiency aggravates Zn accumulation in cholinergic neurons. It leads to the augmentation of Zn toxicity by its interaction with the enzymes of energy metabolism. Within this study, we tested the effect of Zn on microglial cells cultivated in a thiamine-deficient medium, containing 0.003 mmol\/L of thiamine vs. 0.009 mmol\/L in a control medium. In such conditions, a subtoxic 0.10 mmol\/L Zn concentration caused non-significant alterations in the survival and energy metabolism of N9 microglial cells. Both activities of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the acetyl-CoA level were not decreased in these culture conditions. Amprolium augmented thiamine pyrophosphate deficits in N9 cells. This led to an increase in the intracellular accumulation of free Zn and partially aggravated its toxicity. There was differential sensitivity of neuronal and glial cells to thiamine-deficiency\u2013Zn-evoked toxicity. The co-culture of neuronal SN56 with microglial N9 cells reduced the thiamine-deficiency\u2013Zn-evoked inhibition of acetyl-CoA metabolism and restored the viability of the former. The differential sensitivity of SN56 and N9 cells to borderline thiamine deficiency combined with marginal Zn excess may result from the strong inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase in neuronal cells and no inhibition of this enzyme in the glial ones. Therefore, ThDP supplementation can make any brain cell more resistant to Zn excess.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T02:32:12Z","timestamp":1677205932000},"page":"4465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Marginal Zn Excess and Thiamine Deficiency on Microglial N9 Cell Metabolism and Their Interactions with Septal SN56 Cholinergic Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5715-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ronowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2753-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Jankowska-Kulawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Gul-Hinc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0270-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlena","family":"Zy\u015bk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Michno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Szutowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14298","article-title":"Mitochondria, energy, and metabolism in neuronal health and disease","volume":"596","author":"Trigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695810","article-title":"Brain metabolism in health, aging, and neurodegeneration","volume":"36","author":"Camandola","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128459","article-title":"Brain single-nucleus transcriptomics highlights that polystyrene nanoplastics potentially induce Parkinson\u2019s disease-like neurodegeneration by causing energy metabolism disorders in mice","volume":"430","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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