{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:06:10Z","timestamp":1791846370464,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stressful events trigger a set of complex biological responses which follow a bell-shaped pattern. Low-stress conditions have been shown to elicit beneficial effects, notably on synaptic plasticity together with an increase in cognitive processes. In contrast, overly intense stress can have deleterious behavioral effects leading to several stress-related pathologies such as anxiety, depression, substance use, obsessive-compulsive and stressor- and trauma-related disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD in the case of traumatic events). Over a number of years, we have demonstrated that in response to stress, glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) in the hippocampus mediate a molecular shift in the balance between the expression of the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and its own inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) proteins. Interestingly, a shift in favor of PAI-1 was responsible for PTSD-like memory induction. In this review, after describing the biological system involving GCs, we highlight the key role of tPA\/PAI-1 imbalance observed in preclinical and clinical studies associated with the emergence of stress-related pathological conditions. Thus, tPA\/PAI-1 protein levels could be predictive biomarkers of the subsequent onset of stress-related disorders, and pharmacological modulation of their activity could be a potential new therapeutic approach for these debilitating conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T03:23:36Z","timestamp":1677468216000},"page":"4496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Glucocorticoid-Responsive Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) and Its Inhibitor Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1): Relevance in Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0889-4590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Mennesson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6459-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Revest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, University of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.10.2636.bloodjournal79102636","article-title":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Messenger RNA Expression Is Induced in Rat Hepatocytes in Vivo by Dexamethasone","volume":"79","author":"Konkle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022608799","article-title":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Is a Major Stress-Regulated Gene: Implications for Stress-Induced Thrombosis in Aged Individuals","volume":"99","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39942-9","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of the Rat Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Gene","volume":"265","author":"Bruzdzinski","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Mechanism of Glucocorticoid Induction of the Rat Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Gene in HTC Rat Hepatoma Cells: Identification of Cis-Acting Regulatory Elements","volume":"7","author":"Bruzdzinski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.1.663","article-title":"Identification of a Multihormone Responsive Enhancer Far Upstream from the Human Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene","volume":"272","author":"Bulens","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.3.8070363","article-title":"Synergistic Induction of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene Expression by Glucocorticoids and Cyclic Nucleotides in Rat HTC Hepatoma Cells","volume":"135","author":"Kathju","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0397-x","article-title":"Therapeutics Targeting the Fibrinolytic System","volume":"52","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018","article-title":"The Size and Burden of Mental Disorders and Other Disorders of the Brain in Europe 2010","volume":"21","author":"Wittchen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.08.008","article-title":"Cost of Disorders of the Brain in Europe 2010","volume":"21","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.106","article-title":"Stress and Disorders of the Stress System","volume":"5","author":"Chrousos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01224-9","article-title":"The Neuroendocrinology of Stress: The Stress-Related Continuum of Chronic Disease Development","volume":"27","author":"Agorastos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.03.011","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of Glucocorticoids: Focus on Emotion, Cognition and Cocaine","volume":"585","author":"Oitzl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.09.017","article-title":"Stress and Glucocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Mechanisms in Long-Term Memory: From Adaptive Responses to Psychopathologies","volume":"112","author":"Finsterwald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00159-7","article-title":"The Corticosteroid Receptor Hypothesis of Depression","volume":"23","author":"Holsboer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207615","article-title":"Glucocorticoids Can Induce PTSD-like Memory Impairments in Mice","volume":"335","author":"Kaouane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226767","article-title":"Chronic Stress Triggers Social Aversion via Glucocorticoid Receptor in Dopaminoceptive Neurons","volume":"339","author":"Barik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02950-4","article-title":"The Neurobiology of Stress: From Serendipity to Clinical Relevance","volume":"886","author":"McEwen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(97)01115-2","article-title":"The Role of Stress in Drug Self-Administration","volume":"19","author":"Piazza","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00306-9","article-title":"Role of Adrenal Stress Hormones in Forming Lasting Memories in the Brain","volume":"12","author":"McGaugh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1159\/000089555","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity of Male C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"81","author":"Dalm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.08.037","article-title":"Stress-Induced Neuroplasticity: (Mal)Adaptation to Adverse Life Events in Patients with PTSD\u2014A Critical Overview","volume":"283","author":"Deppermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.03.007","article-title":"Corticosteroid Effects in the Brain: U-Shape It","volume":"27","author":"Joels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diamond, D.M., Campbell, A.M., Park, C.R., Halonen, J., and Zoladz, P.R. (2007). The Temporal Dynamics Model of Emotional Memory Processing: A Synthesis on the Neurobiological Basis of Stress-Induced Amnesia, Flashbulb and Traumatic Memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson Law. Neural Plast.","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/60803"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.07.002","article-title":"Stress Effects on Memory: An Update and Integration","volume":"36","author":"Schwabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1441","article-title":"The MAPK Pathway and Egr-1 Mediate Stress-Related Behavioral Effects of Glucocorticoids","volume":"8","author":"Revest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.118","article-title":"The Enhancement of Stress-Related Memory by Glucocorticoids Depends on Synapsin-Ia\/Ib","volume":"15","author":"Revest","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.134","article-title":"BDNF-TrkB Signaling through Erk1\/2 MAPK Phosphorylation Mediates the Enhancement of Fear Memory Induced by Glucocorticoids","volume":"19","author":"Revest","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarrazin, N., Di Blasi, F., Roullot-Lacarri\u00e8re, V., Roug\u00e9-Pont, F., Le Roux, A., Costet, P., Revest, J.-M., and Piazza, P.V. (2009). Transcriptional Effects of Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Dentate Gyrus Increase Anxiety-Related Behaviors. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007704"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01024-1","article-title":"PAI-1 Protein Is a Key Molecular Effector in the Transition from Normal to PTSD-like Fear Memory","volume":"26","author":"Bouarab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1986.66.4.1121","article-title":"Adrenal Steroid Receptors and Actions in the Nervous System","volume":"66","author":"McEwen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"269","article-title":"Brain Corticosteroid Receptor Balance in Health and Disease","volume":"19","author":"Vreugdenhil","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5799-5_15","article-title":"Central Action of Adrenal Steroids during Stress and Adaptation","volume":"274","author":"Reul","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"113","article-title":"Regulation of ACTH Secretion: Variations on a Theme of B","volume":"43","author":"Dallman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Recent Prog. Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109433","article-title":"Transport of Steroid Hormones through the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier. Primary Role of Albumin-Bound Hormone","volume":"64","author":"Pardridge","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.925","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and Hippocampal Atrophy in Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"57","author":"Sapolsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.152","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Receptor Control of Transcription: Precision and Plasticity via Allostery","volume":"18","author":"Weikum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Kloet, E.R., and Jo\u00ebls, M. (Mol. Psychiatry, 2023). The Cortisol Switch between Vulnerability and Resilience, Mol. Psychiatry, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01934-8"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1324","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00363.2001","article-title":"Expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha- and Beta-Isoforms in Human Cells and Tissues","volume":"283","author":"Pujols","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.03990.x","article-title":"Regulation of Corticosteroid Receptors in the Rat Brain: The Role of Serotonin and Stress","volume":"21","author":"Robertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20751","article-title":"Stress-Induced Dynamic Routing of Hippocampal Connectivity: A Hypothesis","volume":"20","author":"Segal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2003.12.005","article-title":"Stress and Hippocampal Abnormalities in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1139\/o02-082","article-title":"Chromatin Remodeling and Tissue-Selective Responses of Nuclear Hormone Receptors","volume":"80","author":"Hsiao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.8.1974","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-Induced DNA Demethylation and Gene Memory during Development","volume":"20","author":"Thomassin","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90237-7","article-title":"Gene Regulation by Steroid Hormones","volume":"56","author":"Beato","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90201-5","article-title":"Steroid Hormone Receptors: Many Actors in Search of a Plot","volume":"83","author":"Beato","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161","article-title":"Maternal Care, Gene Expression, and the Transmission of Individual Differences in Stress Reactivity Across Generations","volume":"24","author":"Meaney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2019.1631794","article-title":"The Good Side of \u201cStress\u201d","volume":"22","author":"McEwen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2002.4080","article-title":"Stress and Memory: Opposing Effects of Glucocorticoids on Memory Consolidation and Memory Retrieval","volume":"78","author":"Roozendaal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01438-1","article-title":"Stress and Cognition: Are Corticosteroids Good or Bad Guys?","volume":"22","author":"Oitzl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950190065010","article-title":"Dose-Response Changes in Plasma Cortisol and Lymphocyte Glucocorticoid Receptors Following Dexamethasone Administration in Combat Veterans with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"52","author":"Yehuda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15903","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0771-15.2015","article-title":"From Memory Impairment to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Like Phenotypes: The Critical Role of an Unpredictable Second Traumatic Experience","volume":"35","author":"Finsterwald","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300226","article-title":"Higher Cortisol Levels Following Exposure to Traumatic Reminders in Abuse-Related PTSD","volume":"28","author":"Elzinga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5455","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5123-04.2005","article-title":"ProBDNF Induces Neuronal Apoptosis via Activation of a Receptor Complex of P75NTR and Sortilin","volume":"25","author":"Teng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1510","article-title":"Activation of P75NTR by ProBDNF Facilitates Hippocampal Long-Term Depression","volume":"8","author":"Woo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100135","article-title":"Cleavage of ProBDNF by TPA\/Plasmin Is Essential for Long-Term Hippocampal Plasticity","volume":"306","author":"Pang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.07.021","article-title":"The Use of PEGylated Liposomes to Prolong Circulation Lifetimes of Tissue Plasminogen Activator","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20150","article-title":"Fibrin-Modifying Serine Proteases Thrombin, TPA, and Plasmin in Ischemic Stroke: A Review","volume":"50","author":"Sheehan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.06.076","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator in the Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis Regulates Acoustic Startle","volume":"135","author":"Matys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"975","article-title":"Developmental Profile of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Postnatal Long Evans Rat Visual Cortex","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06946.x","article-title":"Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator-Plasmin-BDNF Modulate Glutamate-Induced Phase-Shifts of the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock in Vitro","volume":"30","author":"Mou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.11.3173","article-title":"The Mouse Tissue Plasminogen Activator Gene 5\u2019 Flanking Region Directs Appropriate Expression in Development and a Seizure-Enhanced Response in the CNS","volume":"120","author":"Carroll","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116637","article-title":"Extracellular Proteolysis in the Adult Murine Brain","volume":"92","author":"Sappino","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20250","article-title":"Activity-Dependent Release of Tissue Plasminogen Activator from the Dendritic Spines of Hippocampal Neurons Revealed by Live-Cell Imaging","volume":"66","author":"Lochner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-06-02125.2002","article-title":"Localization and Regulation of the Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Plasmin System in the Hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"Salles","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0300183","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator as a Key Effector in Neurobiology and Neuropathology","volume":"30","author":"Teesalu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xin, H., Li, Y., Shen, L.H., Liu, X., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Pourabdollah-Nejad, D.S., Zhang, C., Zhang, L., and Jiang, H. (2010). Increasing TPA Activity in Astrocytes Induced by Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Facilitate Neurite Outgrowth after Stroke in the Mouse. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009027"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5000","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9432-7","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator Expression Is Restricted to Subsets of Excitatory Pyramidal Glutamatergic Neurons","volume":"53","author":"Louessard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)33954-6","article-title":"The Serpin Superfamily of Proteinase Inhibitors: Structure, Function, and Regulation","volume":"269","author":"Potempa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.1021\/cr010170+","article-title":"Serpin Structure, Mechanism, and Function","volume":"102","author":"Gettins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00396","article-title":"Physiological and Pathological Roles of Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Its Inhibitor Neuroserpin in the Nervous System","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000491","article-title":"Systemic or Topical Application of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor with Extended Half-Life (VLHL PAI-1) Reduces Bleeding Time and Total Blood Loss","volume":"26","author":"Jankun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb943","article-title":"How Vitronectin Binds PAI-1 to Modulate Fibrinolysis and Cell Migration","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115440","article-title":"Regulation of Murine Type 1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Gene Expression in Vivo. Tissue Specificity and Induction by Lipopolysaccharide, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta","volume":"88","author":"Sawdey","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04951.x","article-title":"Synthesis of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and of Type-1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor in Neuronal Cultures of Human Fetal Brain: Stimulation by Phorbol Ester","volume":"55","author":"Presta","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.6.8641204","article-title":"Angiotensin II Regulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Gene Expression in Neurons of Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Brains","volume":"137","author":"Yu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01679-7","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Localization of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Rat and Human Brain Tissues","volume":"297","author":"Hino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.11.1315","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 as a Regulator of the Serpins\/t-PA Axis in Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"13","author":"Docagne","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Angiotensin II Stimulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Gene Expression in Astroglial Cells from the Brain","volume":"130","author":"Rydzewski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705848104","article-title":"Modulation of NR2B-Regulated Contextual Fear in the Hippocampus by the Tissue Plasminogen Activator System","volume":"104","author":"Norris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03117.x","article-title":"Modification by the Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Plasmin System of Morphine-Induced Dopamine Release and Hyperlocomotion, but Not Anti-Nociceptive Effect in Mice","volume":"93","author":"Nagai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2008.05.004","article-title":"The Canonical E-Box Motif: A Target for Glucocorticoid Action That Drives Rhythmic Mouse Pai-1 Transcription in Vitro","volume":"420","author":"Singletary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.01.010","article-title":"Small Molecules Inhibitors of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1\u2014An Overview","volume":"92","author":"Rouch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.157479","article-title":"Inhibition of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1: Its Mechanism and Effectiveness on Coagulation and Fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Izuhara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.272","article-title":"A Novel Inhibitor of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Provides Antithrombotic Benefits Devoid of Bleeding Effect in Nonhuman Primates","volume":"30","author":"Izuhara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelisch, N., Dan, T., Ichimura, A., Sekiguchi, H., Vaughan, D.E., van Ypersele de Strihou, C., and Miyata, T. (2015). Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Antagonist TM5484 Attenuates Demyelination and Axonal Degeneration in a Mice Model of Multiple Sclerosis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124510"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622473","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.622473","article-title":"Targeting PAI-1 in Cardiovascular Disease: Structural Insights Into PAI-1 Functionality and Inhibition","volume":"7","author":"Sillen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"91","article-title":"Serpin Regulation of Fibrinolytic System: Implications for Therapeutic Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"12","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653655","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.653655","article-title":"A Serpin with a Finger in Many PAIs: PAI-1\u2019s Central Function in Thromboinflammation and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"8","author":"Morrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00900-2","article-title":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 and Gestational Diabetes: The Causal Relationship","volume":"14","author":"Batiha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altalhi, R., Pechlivani, N., and Ajjan, R.A. (2021). PAI-1 in Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Role as a Therapeutic Target. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063170"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26146","article-title":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 as a Regulator of Fibrosis","volume":"119","author":"Rabieian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22783","article-title":"PAI-1 in Tissue Fibrosis","volume":"227","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000175156","article-title":"The Plasminogen Activator System and Cancer","volume":"36","author":"McMahon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, A.A., Shaker, B.T., and Bajou, K. (2021). The Plasminogen-Activator Plasmin System in Physiological and Pathophysiological Angiogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010337"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-019-09806-4","article-title":"The Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Paradox in Cancer: A Mechanistic Understanding","volume":"38","author":"Kubala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.155788","article-title":"PAI-1 Is an Essential Component of the Pulmonary Host Response during Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Pneumonia in Mice","volume":"66","author":"Goolaerts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.09.023","article-title":"Critical Role of Type 1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1) in Early Host Defense against Nontypeable Haemophilus Influenzae (NTHi) Infection","volume":"414","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930673","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.930673","article-title":"A Vicious Cycle: In Severe and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/361031a0","article-title":"A Synaptic Model of Memory: Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus","volume":"361","author":"Bliss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.013","article-title":"Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator: A Multifaceted Modulator of Neurotransmission and Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"50","author":"Samson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/361453a0","article-title":"Tissue-Plasminogen Activator Is Induced as an Immediate-Early Gene during Seizure, Kindling and Long-Term Potentiation","volume":"361","author":"Qian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80597-8","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator Contributes to the Late Phase of LTP and to Synaptic Growth in the Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Pathway","volume":"21","author":"Baranes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.11.3007","article-title":"Enhanced Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation and Learning by Increased Neuronal Expression of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator in Transgenic Mice","volume":"18","author":"Madani","year":"1999","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8699","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8699","article-title":"Mice Lacking the Gene Encoding Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Show a Selective Interference with Late-Phase Long-Term Potentiation in Both Schaffer Collateral and Mossy Fiber Pathways","volume":"93","author":"Huang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5244.1992","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator Induction in Purkinje Neurons after Cerebellar Motor Learning","volume":"270","author":"Seeds","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00166-5","article-title":"Rapid, Specific and Active Site-Catalyzed Effect of Tissue-Plasminogen Activator on Hippocampus-Dependent Learning in Mice","volume":"113","author":"Pawlak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00856.x","article-title":"Activity-Dependent Formation of Perforated Synapses in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons","volume":"11","author":"Neuhoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.106","article-title":"Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Has a Neuroprotective Effect in the Ischemic Brain Mediated by Neuronal TNF-\u03b1","volume":"32","author":"Haile","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9848","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1241-12.2012","article-title":"Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Regulates the Neuronal Uptake of Glucose in the Ischemic Brain","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2012.10.001","article-title":"Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Protects Neurons from Excitotoxin-Induced Cell Death via Activation of the ERK1\/2-CREB-ATF3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/377340a0","article-title":"Excitotoxin-Induced Neuronal Degeneration and Seizure Are Mediated by Tissue Plasminogen Activator","volume":"377","author":"Tsirka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0298-228","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) Increases Neuronal Damage after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Wild-Type and TPA-Deficient Mice","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/83358","article-title":"The Proteolytic Activity of Tissue-Plasminogen Activator Enhances NMDA Receptor-Mediated Signaling","volume":"7","author":"Nicole","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4547(20010301)63:5<388::AID-JNR1033>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator Protects Hippocampal Neurons from Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Injury","volume":"63","author":"Flavin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nn998","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator in the Amygdala Is Critical for Stress-Induced Anxiety-like Behavior","volume":"6","author":"Pawlak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16345","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407355101","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator Promotes the Effects of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor on the Amygdala and Anxiety-like Behavior","volume":"101","author":"Matys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18201","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509232102","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Mediate Stress-Induced Decline of Neuronal and Cognitive Functions in the Mouse Hippocampus","volume":"102","author":"Pawlak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.08.075","article-title":"Stress-Induced Spine Loss in the Medial Amygdala Is Mediated by Tissue-Plasminogen Activator","volume":"144","author":"Bennur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.11.013","article-title":"Aging and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Regulation: Implication in the Pathogenesis of Thrombotic Disorders in the Elderly","volume":"66","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/271","article-title":"Cortisol Levels during Human Aging Predict Hippocampal Atrophy and Memory Deficits","volume":"1","author":"Lupien","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00361-8","article-title":"Stress, Memory, and the Hippocampus: Can\u2019t Live with It, Can\u2019t Live without It","volume":"127","author":"Lupien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.16.3.363","article-title":"Association of Chronic Stress with Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Healthy Middle-Aged Men","volume":"16","author":"Lassila","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S172","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S172","article-title":"The Moderating Effect of Personal Mastery and the Relations between Stress and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Antigen","volume":"27","author":"Mausbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtd.2018.08.003","article-title":"2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks: Care Guidance for the Massive Influx of Psychologically Traumatized Civilian Casualties. Helping Victims to Develop Their Capacity to Create a Safe and Protective Environment by Leveraging Social Resources like Family, and Inner Resources like Mindfulness Should Optimize Global Resilience","volume":"4","author":"Gibert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1968814","article-title":"Treatment Patterns among Adults with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States: A Retrospective Claims Study","volume":"37","author":"Schein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"(2022, December 15). Mental Health and COVID-19: Early Evidence of the Pandemic\u2019s Impact: Scientific Brief, 2 March 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Mental_health-2022.1."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.3","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in COVID-19 Survivors: Online Population Survey","volume":"7","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1159\/000151518","article-title":"Association between Anxiety and Factors of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis","volume":"77","author":"Geiser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06832-6","article-title":"Combined Serum Levels of Multiple Proteins in TPA-BDNF Pathway May Aid the Diagnosis of Five Mental Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.2\/jflory","article-title":"Comorbidity between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: Alternative Explanations and Treatment Considerations","volume":"17","author":"Flory","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2020.00037","article-title":"The Nucleus Accumbens: A Common Target in the Comorbidity of Depression and Addiction","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0807-2","article-title":"Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Deficiency Predisposes to Depression and Resistance to Treatments","volume":"7","author":"Party","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1079","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.43","article-title":"The Serum Protein Levels of the TPA-BDNF Pathway Are Implicated in Depression and Antidepressant Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S298540","article-title":"Electroacupuncture Ameliorates Depressive-Like Behaviors in Poststroke Rats via Activating the TPA\/BDNF\/TrkB Pathway","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.075","article-title":"Ketamine Ameliorates Depressive-like Behaviors by TPA-Mediated Conversion of ProBDNF to MBDNF in the Hippocampus of Stressed Rats","volume":"269","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.02.006","article-title":"Younger, Premenopausal Women with Major Depressive Disorder Have More Abdominal Fat and Increased Serum Levels of Prothrombotic Factors: Implications for Greater Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"54","author":"Eskandari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2019.100188","article-title":"Altered Fibrinolytic System in Rat Models of Depression and Patients with First-Episode Depression","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.11.062","article-title":"Relation of Depressive Mood to Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor, Tissue Plasminogen Activator, and Fibrinogen Levels in Patients with versus without Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"97","author":"Pornin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113258","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19935","article-title":"Role of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Psychological Stress and Depression","volume":"8","author":"Tsai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(97)00025-8","article-title":"Glucocorticoids as a Biological Substrate of Reward: Physiological and Pathophysiological Implications","volume":"25","author":"Piazza","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-017-9788-8","article-title":"Morphine Withdrawal Increases Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Precursor","volume":"32","author":"Bachis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3109\/10253891003786415","article-title":"Involvement of Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Stress Responsivity during Acute Cocaine Withdrawal in Mice","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-200101000-00009","article-title":"Increased Plasma Fibrinolysis and Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator\/Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Ratios after Ethanol Withdrawal in Chronic Alcoholics","volume":"12","author":"Delahousse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.05.018","article-title":"Tissue Plasminogen Activator Contributes to Morphine Tolerance and Induces Mechanical Allodynia via Astrocytic IL-1\u03b2 and ERK Signaling in the Spinal Cord of Mice","volume":"247","author":"Berta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S62785","article-title":"Animal Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Utility and Limitations","volume":"11","author":"Alonso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.04.019","article-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Insights from Animal Models","volume":"76","author":"Szechtman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926572","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.926572","article-title":"BDNF Alleviates Microglial Inhibition and Stereotypic Behaviors in a Mouse Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.05.026","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor as a Biomarker for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"151","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e318265343b","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Fast Track to Premature Cardiovascular Disease?","volume":"21","author":"Wentworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01420.x","article-title":"PAI-1 and Atherothrombosis","volume":"3","author":"Vaughan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.07.013","article-title":"Altered Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, ProBDNF and Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Children with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"268","author":"Aksu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bionps.2021.100042","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Biopsychosocial Case-Control Study Investigating Peripheral Blood Protein Biomarkers","volume":"5","author":"Maguire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomark. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2015.01.007","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alone or Additively with Early Life Adversity, Is Associated with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk","volume":"25","author":"Farr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.07.019","article-title":"Clinical Correlates of Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Spectrum after a Natural Disaster","volume":"244","author":"Stratta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"1239","article-title":"The Relationship between Allostasis and Mental Health Patterns in a Pre-Deployment French Military Cohort","volume":"11","author":"Trousselard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15057","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.57","article-title":"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"1","author":"Yehuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.005108","article-title":"Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"64","author":"Autry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2004.07.002","article-title":"Regulation of Late-Phase LTP and Long-Term Memory in Normal and Aging Hippocampus: Role of Secreted Proteins TPA and BDNF","volume":"3","author":"Pang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/5\/4496\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:41:33Z","timestamp":1760121693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/5\/4496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24054496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24054496","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]}}}