{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T07:23:33Z","timestamp":1768634613314,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INBIOMED PROJECT","award":["ARS01_01081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARS01_01081"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the development of systemic therapies, but there is still the need for new drugs and technologies that can increase the survival and quality of life of patients. The present investigation reports the development of a liposomal formulation of a carbamate molecule, reported as ANP0903, previously tested as an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease and now evaluated for its ability to induce cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. PEGylated liposomes were prepared and characterized. Small, oligolamellar vesicles were produced, as demonstrated by light scattering results and TEM images. The physical stability of the vesicles in biological fluids was demonstrated in vitro, alongside the stability during storage. An enhanced cellular uptake was verified in HepG2 cells treated with liposomal ANP0903, resulting in a greater cytotoxicity. Several biological assays were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms explaining the proapoptotic effect of ANP0903. Our results allow us to hypothesize that the cytotoxic action in tumor cells is probably due to the inhibition of the proteasome, resulting in an increase in the amount of ubiquitinated proteins within the cells, which in turn triggers activation of autophagy and apoptosis processes, resulting in cell death. The proposed liposomal formulation represents a promising approach to deliver a novel antitumor agent to cancer cells and enhance its activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1677468588000},"page":"4552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["PEGylated Liposomes Loaded with Carbamate Inhibitor ANP0903 Trigger Apoptosis by Enhancing ER Stress in HepG2 Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Caddeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rocchina","family":"Miglionico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8364-8387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1114-1963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Lamorte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8181-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Chiummiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Lupattelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chimica, Sapienza University of Roma, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1104-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Funicello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5408-9416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosarita","family":"D\u2019Orsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Valenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Farmacia, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Fadda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze della Vita e dell\u2019Ambiente, Sezione di Scienze del Farmaco, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faustino","family":"Bisaccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7937-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"},{"name":"Spinoff TNcKILLERS s.r.l., Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5607-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Armentano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell\u2019Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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