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diseases. ALA-PDT induces the apoptosis and necrosis of target lesions. We have recently reported the effects of ALA-PDT on cytokines and exosomes of human healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study has investigated the ALA-PDT-mediated effects on PBMC subsets from patients with active Crohn\u2019s disease (CD). No effects on lymphocyte survival after ALA-PDT were observed, although the survival of CD3\u2212\/CD19+ B-cells seemed slightly reduced in some samples. Interestingly, ALA-PDT clearly killed monocytes. The subcellular levels of cytokines and exosomes associated with inflammation were widely downregulated, which is consistent with our previous findings in PBMCs from healthy human subjects. These results suggest that ALA-PDT may be a potential treatment candidate for CD and other immune-mediated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1677468588000},"page":"4554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Photodynamic Effects with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Cytokines and Exosomes in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9717-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian","family":"Espeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lorenskog, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrius","family":"Kleinauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-903X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petras","family":"Juzenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagar","family":"Darvekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlada","family":"Vasovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trond","family":"Warloe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6848-9290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eidi","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Jahnsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lorenskog, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3261-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.12.889","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy","volume":"90","author":"Dougherty","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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