{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:04:10Z","timestamp":1787731450156,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ and has multiple biological activities in human tissues and organs, including the heart, blood vessels, adipose tissue, central nervous system, lungs, kidneys, and liver. This article reviews the crucial role of apelin in regulating oxidative stress-related processes by promoting prooxidant or antioxidant mechanisms. Following the binding of APJ to different active apelin isoforms and the interaction with several G proteins according to cell types, the apelin\/APJ system is able to modulate different intracellular signaling pathways and biological functions, such as vascular tone, platelet aggregation and leukocytes adhesion, myocardial activity, ischemia\/reperfusion injury, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cell proliferation and invasion. As a consequence of these multifaceted properties, the role of the apelinergic axis in the pathogenesis of degenerative and proliferative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer) is currently investigated. In this view, the dual effect of the apelin\/APJ system in the regulation of oxidative stress needs to be more extensively clarified, in order to identify new potential strategies and tools able to selectively modulate this axis according to the tissue-specific profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:29:00Z","timestamp":1677727740000},"page":"4745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Yin and Yang Effect of the Apelinergic System in Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Fibbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations\u201d Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6611-8103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Marroncini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations\u201d Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Naldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations\u201d Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Peri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cPituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations\u201d Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.9489","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor","volume":"251","author":"Tatemoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res.Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0740034.x","article-title":"Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(93)90495-O","article-title":"A human gene that shows identity with the gene encoding the angiotensin receptor is located on chromosome 11","volume":"136","author":"Heiber","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy010","article-title":"Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: Implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness","volume":"114","author":"Durham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5180","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26339","article-title":"Apelin\/APJ system: A critical regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell","volume":"233","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.05.012","article-title":"Apelin in disease","volume":"483","author":"Antushevich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.05.013","article-title":"Vascular effects of apelin: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"190","author":"Mughal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2017.1951","article-title":"Protective effect of neuropeptide apelin-13 on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells: Involvement of its antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties","volume":"21","author":"Abbasnejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rejuv. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9170480","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9170480","article-title":"Apelin in reproductive physiology and pathology of different species: A critical review","volume":"2018","author":"Kurowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00075","article-title":"The protective effects and mechanisms of Apelin\/APJ system on ischemic stroke: A promising therapeutic target","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00001","article-title":"Temporal expression of apelin\/apelin receptor in ischemic stroke and its therapeutic potential","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.301324","article-title":"Apelin-APJ signaling is a critical regulator of endothelial MEF2 activation in cardiovascular development","volume":"113","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01587.x","article-title":"Pharmacological and immunohistochemical characterization of the APJ receptor and its endogenous ligand apelin","volume":"84","author":"Medhurst","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306361","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01821-1","article-title":"Venous dilator effect of apelin, an endogenous peptide ligand for the orphan APJ receptor, in conscious rats","volume":"470","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00320.x","article-title":"Physiological role of a novel neuropeptide, apelin, and its receptor in the rat brain","volume":"77","author":"Reaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2002.6575","article-title":"The effects of centrally administered apelin-13 on food intake, water intake and pituitary hormone release in rats","volume":"291","author":"Taheri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0227","article-title":"The apelin receptor APJ: Journey from an orphan to a multifaceted regulator of homeostasis","volume":"219","author":"Lolait","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415031000111273","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of apelin-12 on nocturnal food intake in the rat","volume":"6","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.04.003","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on adipose tissue apelin expression in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats","volume":"662","author":"Kazemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1116","article-title":"Apelin, a new enteric peptide: Localization in the gastrointestinal tract, ontogeny, and stimulation of gastric cell proliferation and of cholecystokinin secretion","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., Wang, Y., Chen, L., Song, N., and Xie, J. (2020). Apelin-13 protects dopaminergic neurons against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity through the AMPK\/mTOR\/ULK1 mediated autophagy activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218376"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2014-0072","article-title":"The apelin receptor: Physiology, pathology, cell signaling, and ligand modulation of a peptide-activated class A GPCR","volume":"92","author":"Chapman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.08.026","article-title":"The N-terminal domain of APJ, a CNS-based coreceptor for HIV-1, is essential for its receptor function and coreceptor activity","volume":"317","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.03.151","article-title":"The fate of the internalized apelin receptor is determined by different isoforms of apelin mediating differential interaction with beta-arrestin","volume":"395","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450123666220826160123","article-title":"Elabela peptide: An emerging target in therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2013.02.015","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidant defense system, and schizophrenia","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.06.004","article-title":"Antioxidants and human diseases","volume":"436","author":"Rajendran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000100443.09293.4F","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in the vasculature","volume":"42","author":"Taniyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/03602530701468516","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in mitochondria-mediated cell death","volume":"39","author":"Orrenius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8416763","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health","volume":"2017","author":"Pizzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467213666200602133032","article-title":"Apelin\/Apelin Receptor System: Molecular Characteristics, Physiological Roles, and Prospects as a Target for Disease Prevention and Pharmacotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Kinjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7294com","article-title":"Hypoxia inducible factor regulates the cardiac expression and secretion of apelin","volume":"21","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2005.04.001","article-title":"Emerging roles of apelin in biology and medicine","volume":"107","author":"Kleinz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26274","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404149200","article-title":"Regulatory roles for APJ, a seven-transmembrane receptor related to angiotensin-type 1 receptor in blood pressure in vivo","volume":"279","author":"Ishida","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.10.020","article-title":"Effects of all-trans retinoic acid on orphan receptor APJ signaling in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"65","author":"Zhong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2007.02.002","article-title":"Apelin modulates aortic vascular tone via endothelial nitric oxidase phosphorylation pathway in diabetic mice","volume":"74","author":"Zhong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3317\/jraas.2006.040","article-title":"Interactions between apelin and angiotensin II on rat portal vein","volume":"7","author":"Gurzu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Renin. Angiotensin. Aldosterone. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69608","article-title":"Apelin is a positive regulator of ACE2 in failing hearts","volume":"123","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1453521","article-title":"Interactive effects of apelin, renin-angiotensin system and nitric oxide in treatment of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in male albino rats","volume":"125","author":"Sabry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402111666150529130922","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidants in hypertension-a current review","volume":"11","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32814db89f","article-title":"Cardioprotective effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist associated with bradykinin-endothelial nitric oxide synthase and oxidative stress in dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats","volume":"25","author":"Yoshida","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"8237264","article-title":"Fenofibrate plus metformin produces cardioprotection in a type 2 diabetes and acute myocardial infarction model","volume":"2016","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1597","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00026.2004","article-title":"Insulin resistance and hypertension","volume":"286","author":"Sowers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2544","article-title":"Apelin\/APJ system: A novel therapeutic target for oxidative stress-related inflammatory diseases","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000220402.53869.72","article-title":"Pathophysiological regulation of the AT1-receptor and implications for vascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Wassmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hypertens. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab046","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis: Time for a re-assessment","volume":"117","author":"Grootaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000130922.75125.B8","article-title":"Alterations in renal endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression by salt diet in angiotensin type-1a receptor gene knockout mice","volume":"15","author":"Sato","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C214","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.274.1.C214","article-title":"Angiotensin II stimulates the production of NO and peroxynitrite in endothelial cells","volume":"274","author":"Pueyo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-0058-3","article-title":"Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is suppressed in the renal vasculature of angiotensinogen-gene knockout mice","volume":"323","author":"Kihara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19087","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602715103","article-title":"Angiotensinergic stimulation of vascular endothelium in mice causes hypotension, bradycardia, and attenuated angiotensin response","volume":"103","author":"Ramchandran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmt085","article-title":"Jagged-1\/Notch3 signaling transduction pathway is involved in apelin-13-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Requirement of Apelin-Apelin Receptor System for Oxidative Stress-Linked Atherosclerosis","volume":"171","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJP"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmt040","article-title":"Apelin and APJ, a novel critical factor and therapeutic target for atherosclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Lv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1206.2011.00335","article-title":"Apelin-13 promotes monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cell mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway","volume":"38","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-012-1298-7","article-title":"Apelin-APJ induces ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression via NF-\u03baB\/JNK signal pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-0949","article-title":"Human vascular smooth muscle cells from diabetic patients are resistant to induced apoptosis due to high Bcl-2 expression","volume":"55","author":"Ruiz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.114934","article-title":"Pioglitazone induces apoptosis in human vascular smooth muscle cells from diabetic patients involving the transforming growth factor-beta\/activin receptor-like kinase-4\/5\/7\/Smad2signaling pathway","volume":"321","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.156745","article-title":"Oxidant generation predominates around calcifying foci and enhances progression of aortic valve calcification","volume":"28","author":"Liberman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.206185","article-title":"Paracrine osteogenic signals via bone morphogenetic protein-2 accelerate the atheroscle-rotic intimal calcification in vivo","volume":"30","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00286-7","article-title":"Fibrous cap formation or destruction\u2013the critical importance of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and matrix formation","volume":"41","author":"Newby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110271","article-title":"Apelin-13 attenuates high glucose-induced calcification of MOVAS cells by regulating MAPKs and PI3K\/AKT pathways and ROS-mediated signals","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"3343","article-title":"Apelin signaling antagonizes Ang II effects in mouse models of atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Chun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2019.07.004","article-title":"The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: An update","volume":"134\u2013135","author":"Staff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"264","article-title":"Serum markers for the prediction of preeclampsia","volume":"6","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modulation of apelin and APJ receptor in normal and preeclampsia-complicated placentas","volume":"22","author":"Cobellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"907","article-title":"Evaluation of elabela, apelin and nitric oxide findings in maternal blood of normal pregnant women, pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, severe pre-eclampsia and umbilical arteries and venules of newborns","volume":"39","author":"Deniz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14137","article-title":"Evaluation of serum apelin-13 and apelin-36 concentrations in preeclamptic pregnancies","volume":"46","author":"Kazaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3109\/10641955.2013.813535","article-title":"Decreased expression of apelin in placentas from severe pre-eclampsia patients","volume":"32","author":"Inuzuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3109\/10641955.2012.690054","article-title":"Decreased maternal plasma apelin concentrations in preeclampsia","volume":"31","author":"Bortoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116630422","article-title":"Apelin in normal pregnancy and pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency","volume":"23","author":"Doherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"5017362","article-title":"Correlation between Apelin and Some Angiogenic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia: Apelin-13 as Novel Drug for Treating Preeclampsia and Its Physiological Effects on Placenta","volume":"15","author":"Hamza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murthi, P., Pinar, A.A., Dimitriadis, E., and Samuel, C.S. (2020). Inflammasomes\u2014A molecular link for altered immunoregulation and inflammation mediated vascular dysfunction in Preeclampsia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041406"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armistead, B., Kadam, L., Drewlo, S., and Kohan-Ghadr, H. (2020). The role of NF\u03baB in healthy and preeclamptic placenta: Trophoblasts in the spotlight. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051775"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.04.021","article-title":"Oxidative stress in Cohen diabetic rat model by high-sucrose, low-copper diet: Inducing pancreatic damage and diabetes","volume":"57","author":"Ryu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000337091","article-title":"The role of apelin on the alleviative effect of Angiotensin receptor blocker in unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Nishida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron. Extra"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F788","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00306.2012","article-title":"Apelin retards the progression of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"304","author":"Day","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2010.02.005","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of the endogenous neural peptide apelin in cultured mouse cortical neurons","volume":"316","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4466","article-title":"Apelin in plasma and vitreous and in fibrovascular retinal membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Tao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Feng, J., and Jiang, Y.R. (2013). The role of apelin in the retina of diabetic rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069703"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(01)00558-5","article-title":"Expression of the murine msr\/apj receptor and its ligand apelin is upregulated during formation of the retinal vessels","volume":"110","author":"Masri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.04.025","article-title":"Activation of catalase by apelin prevents oxidative stress-linked cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"584","author":"Foussal","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.07.002","article-title":"Apelin administration ameliorates high fat diet-induced cardiac hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction","volume":"63","author":"Kandadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20200040","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20200040","article-title":"Apelin-13 alleviated cardiac fibrosis via inhibiting the PI3K\/Akt pathway to attenuate oxidative stress in rats with myocardial infarction-induced heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.911339","article-title":"Acute cardiovascular effects of apelin in humans: Potential role in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"121","author":"Japp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12342","article-title":"Apelin-13 and APJ in paraventricular nucleus contribute to hypertension via sympathetic activation and vasopressin release in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"212","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cowled, P., and Fitridge, R. (2011). Mechanisms of Vascular Disease: A Reference Book for Vascular Specialists, University of Adelaide Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9781922064004"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00032","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and blood-brain barrier disruption in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"4","author":"Lakhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2009.02.010","article-title":"Apelin protects heart against ischemia\/reperfusion injury in rat","volume":"30","author":"Zeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-007-0671-2","article-title":"Apelin-13 and apelin-36 exhibit direct cardioprotective activity against ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"102","author":"Simpkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.08.018","article-title":"The endogenous peptide apelin potently improves cardiac contractility and reduces cardiac loading in vivo","volume":"65","author":"Ashley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100034","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21777","article-title":"Apelin protects against myocardial ischemic injury by inhibiting dynamin-related protein 1","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"H605","article-title":"Apelin-13 increases myocardial progenitor cells and improves repair post-myocardial infarction","volume":"303","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Heart Circ. Phys."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-015-0080-x","article-title":"Consequences of exercising on ischemia-reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat hearts: Role of the HO\/NOS system","volume":"7","author":"Kupai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25120","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.104106","article-title":"Apelin protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic myocardium via inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress through PI3K and p38-MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"12","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.03.003","article-title":"Significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the cardiovascular system in health and disease","volume":"122","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v5.i6.164","article-title":"Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors regulate redox signaling in the cardiovascular system","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/1089253212458329","article-title":"Lung ischemia reperfusion injury: A bench-to-bedside review","volume":"17","author":"Weyker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120961436","article-title":"Apelin-13 protects the lungs from ischemia-reperfusion injury by attenuating inflammatory and oxidative stress","volume":"40","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-019-09531-y","article-title":"Oleic acid prevents isoprenaline-induced cardiac injury: Effects on cellular oxidative stress, inflammation and histopathological alterations","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.4.1620","article-title":"Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide","volume":"87","author":"Beckman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073634","article-title":"S-nitrosylation of matrix metalloproteinases: Signaling pathway to neuronal cell death","volume":"297","author":"Gu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3576","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ischemic brain damage: Mechanisms of cell death and potential molecular targets for neuroprotection","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox. Signal."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200101000-00002","article-title":"Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.065","article-title":"ETB receptor-mediated MMP-9 activation induces vasogenic edema via ZO-1 protein degradation following status epilepticus","volume":"304","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.29","article-title":"Oxidative stress increases blood\u2013brain barrier permeability and induces alterations in occludin during hypoxia\u2013reoxygenation","volume":"30","author":"Lochhead","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018223","article-title":"Predictors for cerebral edema in acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis","volume":"48","author":"Azevedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42633-9","article-title":"Selenium nanoparticles for targeted stroke therapy through modulation of inflammatory and metabolic signaling","volume":"9","author":"Amani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.56","article-title":"Early inhibition of MMP activity in ischemic rat brain promotes expression of tight junction proteins and angiogenesis during recovery","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michinaga, S., Nagase, M., Matsuyama, E., Yamanaka, D., Seno, N., Fuka, M., Yamamoto, Y., and Koyama, Y. (2014). Amelioration of cold injury-induced cortical brain edema formation by selective endothelin ETB receptor antagonists in mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102009"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000460261","article-title":"Apelin-13 protects against ischemic blood-brain barrier damage through the effects of aquaporin-4","volume":"44","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.082","article-title":"Isoflurane post-conditioning down-regulates expression of aquaporin 4 in rats with cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury and is possibly related to bone morphogenetic protein 4\/Smad1\/5\/8 signaling pathway","volume":"97","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.102015","article-title":"Apelin-13 attenuates injury following ischemic stroke by targeting matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), endothelin- B receptor, occludin\/claudin-5 and oxidative stress","volume":"118","author":"Gholamzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.E., Ryu, H., and Kang, T. (2013). Status epilepticus induces vasogenic edema via tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1\/endothelin-1-mediated two different pathways. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074458"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Protective effect of Apelin-13 on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1406-7","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of Apelin 13 on ischemic stroke by activating AMPK\/GSK-3beta\/Nrf2 signaling","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2015.11.002","article-title":"Apelin-13 protects against apoptosis by activating AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in ischemia stroke","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.09.017","article-title":"Apelin-36, a potent peptide, protects against ischemic brain injury by activating the PI3K\/Akt pathway","volume":"63","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00556","article-title":"Low dose of Apelin-36 attenuates ER stress-associated apoptosis in rats with Ischemic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146493","article-title":"Apelin-36 mediates neuroprotective effects by regulating oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis in MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease model mice","volume":"1726","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"3888","article-title":"Apelin-12 exerts neuroprotective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting JNK and P38MAPK signaling pathway in mouse","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"161","article-title":"Targeting AMPK signaling as a neuroprotective strategy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Curry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1469-x","article-title":"Apelin-13 attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced damage by suppressing autophagy","volume":"40","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2016.1184957","article-title":"Effect of apelin hormone on renal ischemia\/reperfusion induced oxidative damage in rats","volume":"38","author":"Bircan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1427","article-title":"Apelin, a newly identified adipokine up-regulated by insulin and obesity","volume":"146","author":"Boucher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2005.05.004","article-title":"The APJ receptor is expressed in pancreatic islets and its ligand, apelin, inhibits insulin secretion in mice","volume":"131","author":"SorhedeWinzell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2005.08.003","article-title":"Regulation of apelin mRNA expression by insulin and glucocorticoids in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"132","author":"Wei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-5243fje","article-title":"TNF alpha up-regulates apelin expression in human and mouse adipose tissue","volume":"20","author":"Daviaud","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1761","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00422.2009","article-title":"The effects of apelin treatment on skeletal muscle mitochondrial content","volume":"297","author":"Frier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0100","article-title":"Apelin treatment increases complete fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial oxidative capacity, and biogenesis in muscle of insulin-resistant mice","volume":"61","author":"Foussal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.526210","article-title":"Apelin attenuates oxidative stress in human adipocytes","volume":"289","author":"Than","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.128","article-title":"Weight gain induced by high-fat feeding involves increased liver oxidative stress","volume":"14","author":"Milagro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.10.003","article-title":"Apelin stimulates glucose utilization in normal and obese insulin-resistant mice","volume":"8","author":"Dray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.10.057","article-title":"Downregulation of the apelinergic axis accelerates aging, whereas its systemic restoration improves the mammalian healthspan","volume":"21","author":"Rai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.09.045","article-title":"Apelin-13 impedes foam cell formation by activating Class III PI3K\/Beclin-1-mediated autophagic pathway","volume":"466","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmv111","article-title":"Apelin-13 promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via PI3K-Akt-ERK1\/2-p70S6K and PI3K-induced autophagy","volume":"47","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2015.03.011","article-title":"Regulation of the endothelial apelin\/APJ system by hemodynamic fluid flow","volume":"27","author":"Busch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2012.07.012","article-title":"Neuroprotection of apelin and its signaling pathway","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04645.x","article-title":"Apelin, an endogenous neuronal peptide, protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxic injury","volume":"102","author":"Agrawal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2021.102130","article-title":"Apelin-13 attenuates spatial memory impairment by anti-oxidative, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory mechanism against ethanol neurotoxicity in the neonatal rat hippocampus","volume":"87","author":"Mohseni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.09.016","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of apelin-13 on experimental ischemic stroke through suppression of inflammation","volume":"63","author":"Xin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1620-3","article-title":"Apelin-13\/APJ system attenuates early brain injury via suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated TXNIP\/NLRP3 inflammasome activation and oxidative stress in a AMPK-dependent manner after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-98","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: The good, the bad, and the inflamed","volume":"11","author":"Cherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759091415605114","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091415605114","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of Apelin-13 is neuroprotective and promotes angiogenesis after ischemic stroke in mice","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2019.101938","article-title":"Apelin-13 regulates LPS-induced N9 microglia polarization involving STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00395","article-title":"Apelin-13 suppresses neuroinflammation against cognitive deficit in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease through activation of BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2019.101959","article-title":"Apelin attenuates depressive-like behaviour and neuroinflammation in rats co-treated with chronic stress and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70104-7","article-title":"Intracerebral haemorrhage: Mechanisms of injury and therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Keep","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.004","article-title":"Human albumin attenuates excessive innate immunity via inhibition of microglial Mincle\/Syk signaling in subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"60","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.03.010","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates glutamate neurotoxicity in the hippocampus by suppression of ER stress-associated TXNIP\/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a manner dependent on AMPK","volume":"286","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaiswal, M.K., Zech, W.D., Goos, M., Leutbecher, C., Ferri, A., Zippelius, A., Carr\u00ec, M.T., Nau, R., and Keller, B.U. (2009). Impairment of mitochondrial calcium handling in a mtSOD1 cell culture model of motoneuron disease. BMC Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-64"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"106","article-title":"Delayed increase of Ca2+ influx elicited by glutamate: Role in neuronal death","volume":"36","author":"Manev","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07383.x","article-title":"NMDA receptor modulation by the neuropeptide apelin: Implications for excitotoxic injury","volume":"118","author":"Cook","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-012-9808-3","article-title":"Apelin-13 protects the brain against ischemic reperfusion injury and cerebral edema in a transient model of focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"48","author":"Khaksari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2016.12.002","article-title":"Apelin protects against NMDA-induced retinal neuronal death via an APJ receptor by activating Akt and ERK1\/2, and suppressing TNF-alpha expression in mice","volume":"133","author":"Ishimaru","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02948-5","article-title":"Systemic administration of an apelin receptor agonist prevents NMDA-induced loss of retinal neuronal cells in mice","volume":"45","author":"Shibagaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.11.039","article-title":"Ischemic post-conditioning protects the spinal cord from ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury via modulation of redox signaling","volume":"146","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thoracic. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S241066","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Role of Apelin-13 in Alleviating Spinal Cord Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Through Suppressing Autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00968-2","article-title":"Apelin Receptor Signaling Protects GT1-7 GnRH Neurons Against Oxidative Stress In Vitro","volume":"42","author":"Hayal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90052-2","article-title":"The molecular pathology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Selkoe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(01)00019-3","article-title":"Oxidative stress induced-neurodegenerative diseases: The need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier","volume":"40","author":"Melamed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.8.759","article-title":"Oxidative damage is the earliest event in Alzheimer disease","volume":"60","author":"Nunomura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2004-6610","article-title":"Induction of hyperphosphorylated tau in primary rat cortical neuron cultures mediated by oxidative stress and glycogen synthase kinase-3","volume":"6","author":"Lovell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06258.x","article-title":"Active c-Jun N-terminal kinase induces caspase cleavage of tau and additional phosphorylation by GSK-3\u03b2 is required for tau aggregation","volume":"27","author":"Sahara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02895.x","article-title":"\u03b2-Site APP cleaving enzyme up-regulation induced by 4-hydroxynonenal is mediated by stress-activated protein kinases pathways","volume":"92","author":"Tamagno","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2009.12.014","article-title":"The dysregulation of intracellular calcium in Alzheimer disease","volume":"47","author":"Supnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"201","article-title":"P200-Levels of apelin-13 and total oxidant\/antioxidant status in sera of Alzheimer patients","volume":"4","author":"Eren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.10.005","article-title":"Protective role of Apelin-13 on amyloid beta25-35-induced memory deficit; Involvement of autophagy and apoptosis process","volume":"89","author":"Aminyavari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00682","article-title":"Cornel Iridoid Glycoside Inhibits Tau Hyperphosphorylation via Regulating Cross-Talk Between GSK-3beta and PP2A Signaling","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2018.05.008","article-title":"Apelin, a promising target for Alzheimer disease prevention and treatment","volume":"70","author":"Masoumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2020-0294","article-title":"Apelin-13 protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against amyloid-beta induced neurotoxicity: Involvement of antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties","volume":"33","author":"Elyasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91307-E","article-title":"Deposition of detergent resistant neurofilaments into Lewy body fibrils","volume":"603","author":"Pollanen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(98)01343-4","article-title":"Genetic dissection of familial Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Riess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Today"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17154","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500843200","article-title":"Parkin stabilizes microtubules through strong binding mediated by three independent domains","volume":"280","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"67","article-title":"p38 MAPK and PI3K\/AKT signalling cascades in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Jha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Cell. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"1732","article-title":"Apelin13 attenuates ER stress-associated apoptosis induced by MPP+ in SHSY5Y cells","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2018.01.001","article-title":"Apelin-13 ameliorates cognitive impairments in 6-hydroxydopamineinduced substantia nigra lesion in rats","volume":"68","author":"Haghparast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4101738","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4101738","article-title":"AKT-GSK3\u03b2 signaling pathway regulates mitochondrial dysfunction-associated OPA1 cleavage contributing to osteoblast apoptosis: Preventative effects of hydroxytyrosol","volume":"2019","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0024","article-title":"From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: A revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis","volume":"31","author":"Manolagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2008.302","article-title":"Oxidative stress, free radicals and bone remodeling","volume":"46","author":"Banfi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domazetovic, V., Marcucci, G., Falsetti, I., Bilia, A.R., Vincenzini, M.T., Brandi, M.L., and Iantomasi, T. (2020). Blueberry juice antioxidants protect osteogenic activity against oxidative stress and improve long-term activation of the mineralization process in human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells: Involvement of SIRT1. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020125"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24589","article-title":"P53 dependent mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening is required for dexamethasone-induced death of osteoblasts","volume":"229","author":"Zhen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3829","article-title":"Absence of dipeptidyl peptidase 3 increases oxidative stress and causes bone loss","volume":"34","author":"Menale","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2019.08.002","article-title":"Post-translational modifications of key machinery in the control of mitophagy","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2238-1","article-title":"P53 and Parkin coregulate mitophagy in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to promote the repair of early steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.05.027","article-title":"Mitophagy is a protective response against oxidative damage in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"229","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-017-0385-7","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-018-0253-5","article-title":"Carbon black suppresses the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells: The role of mitochondria","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9864","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29799","article-title":"Desferoxamine protects against glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head via activating HIF-1\u03b1 expression","volume":"235","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220964394","article-title":"Mitophagy promotes the stemness of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"246","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1286-x","article-title":"Apelin enhances the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells partly through Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Hang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.235","article-title":"Apelin-13 induces mitophagy in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to suppress intracellular oxidative stress and ameliorate osteoporosis by activation of AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"163","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radical. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.341.14135","article-title":"Influence of Apelin-13 on osteoporosis in Type-2 diabetes mellitus: A clinical study","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.10.005","article-title":"Apelin stimulates proliferation and suppresses apoptosis of mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 via JNK and PI3-K\/Akt signaling pathways","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2011.12.004","article-title":"Protective effect of apelin on cultured rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells against apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Zeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03461-7","article-title":"Apelin\/APJ system: An emerging therapeutic target for respiratory diseases","volume":"77","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.04.238","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity: Cisplatin and long-term cancer survivors","volume":"175","author":"Patane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1684041","article-title":"Review of Cisplatin-Associated Ototoxicity","volume":"40","author":"Paken","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.09.085","article-title":"Cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity: Mechanisms and cardioprotective strategies","volume":"650","author":"Moustafa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2010.1141","article-title":"Platinum-based compounds and risk for cardiovascular toxicity in the elderly: Role of the antioxidants in chemoprevention","volume":"14","author":"Ferroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2017.1313414","article-title":"Apelin-13 attenuates cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibition of ROSmediated DNA damage and regulation of MAPKs and AKT pathways","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radical. Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617207","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/617207","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in hearing loss","volume":"2015","author":"Kamogashira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics3030268","article-title":"Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity: Effects, Mechanisms and Protection Strategies","volume":"3","author":"Callejo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00143","article-title":"Cellular glutathione content in the organ of Corti and its role during ototoxicity","volume":"9","author":"Majumder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.134948","article-title":"Apelin protects auditory cells from cisplatin-induced toxicity in vitro by inhibiting ROS and apoptosis","volume":"728","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2021.2011309","article-title":"The effects of apelin-13 against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats","volume":"46","author":"Topcu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000974","article-title":"Insulin signaling in bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity: Sensitization during recovery and potentiation by lipid emulsion","volume":"124","author":"Fettiplace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2010.05.005","article-title":"Bupivacaine uncouples the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, inhibits respiratory chain complexes I and III and enhances ROS production: Results of a study on cell cultures","volume":"10","author":"Cela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200002000-00036","article-title":"Bupivacaine inhibits acylcarnitine exchange in cardiac mitochondria","volume":"92","author":"Weinberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005692","article-title":"Apelin-13 Reverses Bupivacaine-Induced Cardiotoxicity via the Adenosine Monophosphate\u2013Activated Protein Kinase Pathway","volume":"133","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4002","article-title":"Modulation of oxidative stress as an anticancer strategy","volume":"12","author":"Gorrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07733","article-title":"Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radioresistance in cancer stem cells","volume":"458","author":"Diehn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-011-2040-5","article-title":"Increased CD13 expression reduces reactive oxygen species, promoting survival of liver cancer stem cells via an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenomenon","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.01.007","article-title":"Targeting of stress response pathways in the prevention and treatment of cancer","volume":"36","author":"Zelenka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.3.361","article-title":"Oxyradicals and DNA damage","volume":"21","author":"Marnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2253","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2016.105","article-title":"ROS homeostasis and metabolism: A dangerousliason in cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Panieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2016.04.001","article-title":"Apelin\/APJ system and cancer","volume":"457","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4426","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2032","article-title":"Apelin promotes lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Berta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.11.025","article-title":"Inhibition of the apelin\/apelin receptor axis decreases cholangiocarcinoma growth","volume":"386","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/94135","article-title":"Assessment of apelin, apelin receptor, resistin, and adiponectin levels in the primary tumor and serum of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Diakowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2020.02.002","article-title":"Role of Apelin\/APJ axis in cancer development and progression","volume":"65","author":"Masoumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7692","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210573","article-title":"Apelin is a potent activator of tumourneoangiogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Sorli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1832","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00083.2008","article-title":"A possible role for hypoxia-induced apelin expression in enteric cell proliferation","volume":"294","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294303","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/294303","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress as a selective anti cancer therapy","volume":"2015","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.11.017","article-title":"Tumour co-expression of apelin and its receptor is the basis of an autocrine loop involved in the growth of colon adenocarcinomas","volume":"50","author":"Picault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx253","article-title":"Pharmacological targeting of apelin impairs glioblastoma growth","volume":"140","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2021.1406","article-title":"Association between clinicopathological features of breast cancer with adipocytokine levels and oxidative stress markers before and after chemotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Grupinska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_229","first-page":"5313","article-title":"The apelin-APJ system induces tumor arteriogenesis in hepato- cellular carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Muto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0992-5","article-title":"Blockade of the apelin-APJ system promotes mouse liver regeneration by activating Kupffer cells after partial hepatectomy","volume":"50","author":"Yoshiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/5\/4745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:45:08Z","timestamp":1760121908000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/5\/4745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24054745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24054745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}}}