{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:53:20Z","timestamp":1780606400890,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cOpen Access publication fund\u201d of the Justus Liebig University Giessen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The parotid gland is one of the major salivary glands producing a serous secretion, and it plays an essential role in the digestive and immune systems. Knowledge of peroxisomes in the human parotid gland is minimal; furthermore, the peroxisomal compartment and its enzyme composition in the different cell types of the human parotid gland have never been subjected to a detailed investigation. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis of peroxisomes in the human parotid gland\u2019s striated duct and acinar cells. We combined biochemical techniques with various light and electron microscopy techniques to determine the localization of parotid secretory proteins and different peroxisomal marker proteins in parotid gland tissue. Moreover, we analyzed the mRNA of numerous gene encoding proteins localized in peroxisomes using real-time quantitative PCR. The results confirm the presence of peroxisomes in all striated duct and acinar cells of the human parotid gland. Immunofluorescence analyses for various peroxisomal proteins showed a higher abundance and more intense staining in striated duct cells compared to acinar cells. Moreover, human parotid glands comprise high quantities of catalase and other antioxidative enzymes in discrete subcellular regions, suggesting their role in protection against oxidative stress. This study provides the first thorough description of parotid peroxisomes in different parotid cell types of healthy human tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:29:00Z","timestamp":1677727740000},"page":"4783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Peroxisomes Are Highly Abundant and Heterogeneous in Human Parotid Glands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Watermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin Tordis","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0873-1601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Wittekindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic Center, 44137 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8223-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Peter","family":"Klussmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sueleyman","family":"Erguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maximilians University, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8265-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eveline","family":"Baumgart-Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srikanth","family":"Karnati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Medical Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius Maximilians University, 97070 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092140210","article-title":"Sialographic investigations on the anatomy of mouse parotid glands","volume":"214","author":"Omon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anat. 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