{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:51:49Z","timestamp":1790445109254,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mast cells (MCs) are tissue cells that are derived from bone marrow stem cells that contribute to allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and mental disorders. MCs located near the meninges communicate with microglia through the production of mediators such as histamine and tryptase, but also through the secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF, which can create pathological effects in the brain. Preformed chemical mediators of inflammation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are rapidly released from the granules of MCs, the only immune cells capable of storing the cytokine TNF, although it can also be produced later through mRNA. The role of MCs in nervous system diseases has been extensively studied and reported in the scientific literature; it is of great clinical interest. However, many of the published articles concern studies on animals (mainly rats or mice) and not on humans. MCs are known to interact with neuropeptides that mediate endothelial cell activation, resulting in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders. In the brain, MCs interact with neurons causing neuronal excitation with the production of neuropeptides and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. This article explores the current understanding of MC activation by neuropeptide substance P (SP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and neurotensin, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a therapeutic effect of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-37 and IL-38.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:29:00Z","timestamp":1677727740000},"page":"4811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Activation of Mast Cells by Neuropeptides: The Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3550-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorina","family":"Lauritano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filiberto","family":"Mastrangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5801-8444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"D\u2019Ovidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d\u2019Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Ronconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Caraffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla E.","family":"Gallenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Frydas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3540-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyros K.","family":"Kritas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Macedonia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6472-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Trimarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Carinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9475-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pio","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9533-9_2","article-title":"Mast cell progenitor trafficking and maturation","volume":"716","author":"Hallgren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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