{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T14:46:42Z","timestamp":1783694802305,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council NSFC\/RGC Joint Research Scheme","award":["N_CUHK401\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N_CUHK401\/21"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council NSFC\/RGC Joint Research Scheme","award":["C4015-20EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C4015-20EF"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council NSFC\/RGC Joint Research Scheme","award":["4053433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4053433"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grant Council NSFC\/RGC Joint Research Scheme","award":["4053489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4053489"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["N_CUHK401\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N_CUHK401\/21"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["C4015-20EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C4015-20EF"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["4053433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4053433"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["4053489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4053489"]}]},{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","award":["N_CUHK401\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N_CUHK401\/21"]}]},{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","award":["C4015-20EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C4015-20EF"]}]},{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","award":["4053433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4053433"]}]},{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","award":["4053489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4053489"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis, or also generally known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a parasitic disease that is caused by trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. It is considered by the World Health Organisation as the second most prevalent parasitic disease after malaria and affects more than 230 million people in over 70 countries. People are infected via a variety of activities ranging from agricultural, domestic, occupational to recreational activities, where the freshwater snails Biomphalaria release Schistosoma cercariae larvae that penetrate the skin of humans when exposed in water. Understanding the biology of the intermediate host snail Biomphalaria is thus important to reveal the potential spread of schistosomiasis. In this article, we present an overview of the latest molecular studies focused on the snail Biomphalaria, including its ecology, evolution, and immune response; and propose using genomics as a foundation to further understand and control this disease vector and thus the transmission of schistosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T02:27:25Z","timestamp":1677810445000},"page":"4895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Status Quo and Future Perspectives of Molecular and Genomic Studies on the Genus Biomphalaria\u2014The Intermediate Snail Host of Schistosoma mansoni"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7089-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming Fung Franco","family":"Au","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gray A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1355-8495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome H. L.","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848161511_0002","article-title":"The schistosomes and their intermediate hosts","volume":"3","author":"Sturrock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). 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