{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:23:36Z","timestamp":1791894216785,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitiligo is an acquired hypopigmentation of the skin due to a progressive selective loss of melanocytes; it has a prevalence of 1\u20132% and appears as rounded, well-demarcated white macules. The etiopathology of the disease has not been well defined, but multiple factors contribute to melanocyte loss: metabolic abnormalities, oxidative stress, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Therefore, a convergence theory was proposed that combines all existing theories into a comprehensive one in which several mechanisms contribute to the reduction of melanocyte viability. In addition, increasingly in-depth knowledge about the disease\u2019s pathogenetic processes has enabled the development of increasingly targeted therapeutic strategies with high efficacy and fewer side effects. The aim of this paper is, by conducting a narrative review of the literature, to analyze the pathogenesis of vitiligo and the most recent treatments available for this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:49:08Z","timestamp":1678074548000},"page":"4910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Vitiligo, from Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Advances: State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2274-1742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Diotallevi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Gioacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"De Simoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Marani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Candelora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6488-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Paolinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Molinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Offidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oriana","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatological Clinic, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic Marche University, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60763-7","article-title":"Vitiligo","volume":"386","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1981","article-title":"Stigmatisation, Avoidance Behaviour and Difficulties in Coping Are Common among Adult Patients with Vitiligo","volume":"95","author":"Schallreuter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm. 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