{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T22:38:48Z","timestamp":1772836728584,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chungnam National University","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1004131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1004131"]}]},{"name":"Chungnam National University","award":["HI15C0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI15C0001"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1004131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1004131"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["HI15C0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI15C0001"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C1004131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C1004131"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)","award":["HI15C0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI15C0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture comprising both organic and inorganic particles, both of which are hazardous to health. The inhalation of airborne PM with a diameter of \u22642.5 \u03bcm (PM2.5) can cause considerable lung damage. Cornuside (CN), a natural bisiridoid glucoside derived from the fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb, exerts protective properties against tissue damage via controlling the immunological response and reducing inflammation. However, information regarding the therapeutic potential of CN in patients with PM2.5-induced lung injury is limited. Thus, herein, we examined the protective properties of CN against PM2.5-induced lung damage. Mice were categorized into eight groups (n = 10): a mock control group, a CN control group (0.8 mg\/kg mouse body weight), four PM2.5+CN groups (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg\/kg mouse body weight), and a PM2.5+CN group (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg\/kg mouse body weight). The mice were administered with CN 30 min following intratracheal tail vein injection of PM2.5. In mice exposed to PM2.5, different parameters including changes in lung tissue wet\/dry (W\/D) lung weight ratio, total protein\/total cell ratio, lymphocyte counts, inflammatory cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), vascular permeability, and histology were examined. Our findings revealed that CN reduced lung damage, the W\/D weight ratio, and hyperpermeability caused by PM2.5. Moreover, CN reduced the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines produced because of PM2.5 exposure, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, and nitric oxide, as well as the total protein concentration in the BALF, and successfully attenuated PM2.5-associated lymphocytosis. In addition, CN substantially reduced the expression levels of Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), MyD88, and autophagy-related proteins LC3 II and Beclin 1, and increased protein phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Thus, the anti-inflammatory property of CN renders it a potential therapeutic agent for treating PM2.5-induced lung injury by controlling the TLR4\u2013MyD88 and mTOR\u2013autophagy pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:49:08Z","timestamp":1678074548000},"page":"4979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Therapeutic Effects of Cornuside on Particulate Matter\u2013Induced Lung Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Go Oun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8006-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eui Kyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Ho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyu Yong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Sup","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33901","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3344-9","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals","volume":"25","author":"Losacco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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