{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:12:50Z","timestamp":1790179970967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["J3-2521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-2521"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["J7-2594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J7-2594"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["P3-0108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0108"]}]},{"name":"Slovenian Research Agency","award":["MRIC UL IP-0510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRIC UL IP-0510"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007657","name":"Infrastructure program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J3-2521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-2521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007657","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007657","name":"Infrastructure program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J7-2594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J7-2594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007657","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007657","name":"Infrastructure program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P3-0108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007657","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007657","name":"Infrastructure program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRIC UL IP-0510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRIC UL IP-0510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007657","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several animal studies have described the potential effect of cannabidiol (CBD) in alleviating the symptoms of interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the urinary bladder. However, the effects of CBD, its mechanism of action, and modulation of downstream signaling pathways in urothelial cells, the main effector cells in IC\/BPS, have not been fully elucidated yet. Here, we investigated the effect of CBD against inflammation and oxidative stress in an in vitro model of IC\/BPS comprised of TNF\u03b1-stimulated human urothelial cells SV-HUC1. Our results show that CBD treatment of urothelial cells significantly decreased TNF\u03b1-upregulated mRNA and protein expression of IL1\u03b1, IL8, CXCL1, and CXCL10, as well as attenuated NF\u03baB phosphorylation. In addition, CBD treatment also diminished TNF\u03b1-driven cellular reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), by increasing the expression of the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, and hem oxygenase 1. CBD-mediated effects in urothelial cells may occur by the activation of the PPAR\u03b3 receptor since inhibition of PPAR\u03b3 resulted in significantly diminished anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of CBD. Our observations provide new insights into the therapeutic potential of CBD through modulation of PPAR\u03b3\/Nrf2\/NF\u03baB signaling pathways, which could be further exploited in the treatment of IC\/BPS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24055055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T02:07:38Z","timestamp":1678154858000},"page":"5055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cannabidiol as a Promising Therapeutic Option in IC\/BPS: In Vitro Evaluation of Its Protective Effects against Inflammation and Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4749-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeja","family":"Kuret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6486-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateja Erdani","family":"Kreft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9598-3561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rok","family":"Romih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1999-9988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Verani\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13118","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder updated in 2015","volume":"23","author":"Homma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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