{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:50:45Z","timestamp":1792000245744,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council and the Australian Federal Police Forensic Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP0775378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP0775378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for benzylpiperazine (BZP, 1), an illicit designer drug, were developed by using both self-assembly and semi-covalent approaches. From an array of potential functional monomers (FMs) and using a combination of pre-synthetic interaction studies (by molecular modelling and NMR analysis) and binding assays, the highest performing self-assembly 1-MIPs were confirmed to result from methacrylic acid (7) as FM, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) or trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) as crosslinkers and chloroform as the porogen and rebinding solvent at template (T): FM ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, giving imprinting factors (IF) 3 to 7. The semi-covalent 1-MIPs were designed using benzylpiperazine (4-vinylphenyl) carbamate (16) as the template\u2013monomer adduct in combination with either EDGMA or TRIM. Our comparative analysis showed the semi-covalent polymers to have a stronger affinity for 1 (significantly lower Kd values and higher IFs) and faster uptake than the self-assembly systems. Both approaches have comparable cross-reactivity: marginal to low against cocaine (17) and morphine (18) and high against ephedrine (19) and phenylpiperazine (20). They also have comparable selectivity: highly selective towards 1 against 17, moderate against 18 and non-selective against 19. EGDMA-based self-assembly MIPs displayed a greater imprinting effect (higher IFs and NIP-to-MIP Kd ratios) than TRIM-based MIPs, while the TRIM-based semi-covalent MIP outperformed its EGDMA-based equivalent. By virtue of its modest selectivity against the test illicit drugs, 1-MIPs could potentially be used as a dummy MIP for the broad-based capture and enrichment of illicit drug blends for subsequent laboratory analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1678242623000},"page":"5117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Molecular Imprinting of Benzylpiperazine: A Comparison of the Self-Assembly and Semi-Covalent Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanitarium Health Food Company, 1 Sanitarium Drive, Berkeley Vale, NSW 2261, Australia"},{"name":"School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Bowyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Division, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7125-863X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"McCluskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6039-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clovia I.","family":"Holdsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.12.002","article-title":"BZP-party pills: A review of research on benzylpiperazine as a recreational drug","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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