{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:57:49Z","timestamp":1760147869459,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Luebeck","award":["H01-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H01-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) continue to have a rather poor prognosis. Treatment-related comorbidities have negative impacts on their quality of life. TRIM21 is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase that was initially described as an autoantigen in autoimmune diseases and later associated with the intracellular antiviral response. Here, we investigated the role of TRIM21 as a biomarker candidate for HNSCC in predicting tumor progression and patient survival. We analyzed TRIM21 expression and its association with clinical-pathological parameters in our HNSCC cohort using immunohistochemistry. Our HNSCC cohort included samples from 419 patients consisting of primary tumors (n = 337), lymph node metastases (n = 156), recurrent tumors (n = 54) and distant metastases (n = 16). We found that cytoplasmic TRIM21 expression was associated with the infiltration of immune cells into primary tumors. In addition, TRIM21 expression was significantly higher in primary tumors than in lymph node metastases, and increased TRIM21 expression was correlated with shorter progression-free survival in HNSCC patients. These results suggest that TRIM21 could be a new biomarker for progression-free survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1678242623000},"page":"5140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["TRIM21 Expression as a Prognostic Biomarker for Progression-Free Survival in HNSCC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7032-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelie","family":"von Bernuth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1262-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julika","family":"Ribbat-Idel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luise","family":"Klapper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Jagomast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Rades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Leichtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Pries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl-Ludwig","family":"Bruchhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Perner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"},{"name":"Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Parkallee 1-40, 23845 Borstel, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Hematopathology & Medical Care Center Hanse Histologikum, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Offermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Sailer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Idel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Luebeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaral, M.N., Fa\u00edsca, P., Ferreira, H.A., Gaspar, M.M., and Reis, C.P. 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