{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:05:48Z","timestamp":1785434748908,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial and viral sepsis induce alterations of all hematological parameters and procalcitonin is used as a biomarker of infection and disease severity. Our aim was to study the hematological patterns associated with pulmonary sepsis triggered by bacteria and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome\u2013Coronavirus\u2013type-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to identify the discriminants between them. We performed a retrospective, observational study including 124 patients with bacterial sepsis and 138 patients with viral sepsis. Discriminative ability of hematological parameters and procalcitonin between sepsis types was tested using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Sensitivity (Sn%), specificity (Sp%), positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for the identified cut-off values. Patients with bacterial sepsis were older than patients with viral sepsis (p &lt; 0.001), with no differences regarding gender. Subsequently to ROC analysis, procalcitonin had excellent discriminative ability for bacterial sepsis diagnosis with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92 (cut-off value of &gt;1.49 ng\/mL; Sn = 76.6%, Sp = 94.2%), followed by RDW% with an AUC = 0.87 (cut-off value &gt;14.8%; Sn = 80.7%, Sp = 85.5%). Leukocytes, monocytes and neutrophils had good discriminative ability with AUCs between 0.76\u20130.78 (p &lt; 0.001), while other hematological parameters had fair or no discriminative ability. Lastly, procalcitonin value was strongly correlated with disease severity in both types of sepsis (p &lt; 0.001). Procalcitonin and RDW% had the best discriminative ability between bacterial and viral sepsis, followed by leukocytes, monocytes and neutrophils. Procalcitonin is a marker of disease severity regardless of sepsis type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1678242623000},"page":"5146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Hematological Parameters and Procalcitonin as Discriminants between Bacterial Pneumonia-Induced Sepsis and Viral Sepsis Secondary to COVID-19: A Retrospective Single-Center Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8138-8622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Moisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madalina","family":"Dutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Corneci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Dr. Carol Davila Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana Marina","family":"Grintescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvius","family":"Negoita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u2018Carol Davila\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Elias University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock(Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02147","article-title":"Epidemiology and Immune Pathogenesis of Viral Sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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