{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T20:05:55Z","timestamp":1788897955750,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MASTOP funding Italy","award":["11297\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11297\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","award":["11297\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11297\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent post-breeding induced endometritis (PPBIE) is considered a major cause of subfertility in mares. It consists of persistent or delayed uterine inflammation in susceptible mares. There are many options for the treatment of PPBIE, but in this study, a novel approach aimed at preventing the onset of PPBIE was investigated. Stallion semen was supplemented with extracellular vesicles derived from amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (AMSC-EVs) at the time of insemination to prevent or limit the development of PPBIE. Before use in mares, a dose\u2013response curve was produced to evaluate the effect of AMSC-EVs on spermatozoa, and an optimal concentration of 400 \u00d7 106 EVs with 10 \u00d7 106 spermatozoa\/mL was identified. At this concentration, sperm mobility parameters were not negatively affected. Sixteen susceptible mares were enrolled and inseminated with semen (n = 8; control group) or with semen supplemented with EVs (n = 8; EV group). The supplementation of AMSC-EVs to semen resulted in a reduction in polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration as well as intrauterine fluid accumulation (IUF; p &lt; 0.05). There was a significant reduction in intrauterine cytokine levels (p &lt; 0.05) for TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 and an increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 in mares in the EV group, suggesting successful modulation of the post-insemination inflammatory response. This procedure may be useful for mares susceptible to PPBIE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1678242623000},"page":"5166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Amniotic Mesenchymal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in the Prevention of Persistent Post-Breeding Induced Endometritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7748-3413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Lange-Consiglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4754-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Gaspari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Funghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 58100 Grosseto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Capra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8251-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Cretich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Frigerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche \u201cGiulio Natta\u201d (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9851-7117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampaolo","family":"Bosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8399-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Cremonesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00110-X","article-title":"Post-Breeding Endometritis in the Mare","volume":"60\u201361","author":"Watson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.010.1745","article-title":"Medical Problems of Adult Horses, as Ranked by Equine Practitioners","volume":"198","author":"Salman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Zent, W.W., Troedsson, M.H., and Xue, J.-L. (1998, January 9). Postbreeding Uterine Fluid Accumulation in a Normal Population of Thoroughbred Mares: A Field Study. Proceedings of the 44th America Association Equine Practitioners, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-61-3-163","article-title":"Equine Post-Breeding Endometritis: A Review","volume":"61","author":"Maischberger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R95","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0478","article-title":"Equine Endometritis: A Review of Challenges and New Approaches","volume":"160","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0452","article-title":"Endometrial Inflammatory Markers of the Early Immune Response in Mares Susceptible or Resistant to Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis","volume":"145","author":"Woodward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.04.009","article-title":"Immune Parameters in Mares Resistant and Susceptible to Persistent Post-Breeding Endometritis: Effects of Immunomodulation","volume":"118","author":"Fumuso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoffersen, M., Woodward, E., Bojesen, A.M., Jacobsen, S., Petersen, M.R., Troedsson, M.H.T., and Lehn-Jensen, H. (2012). Inflammatory Responses to Induced Infectious Endometritis in Mares Resistant or Susceptible to Persistent Endometritis. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-41"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.06.065","article-title":"The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Endometrial pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Susceptible Mares Following Semen Deposition","volume":"32","author":"Metcalf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.10.086","article-title":"Effect of Use of Platelet Rich Plasma on Post-Breeding Uterine Inflammatory Response of Mares","volume":"34","author":"Reghini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.10.087","article-title":"The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on Intraluminal Fluid and Pregnancy Rates in Mares Susceptible to Persistent Mating-Induced Endometritis (PMIE)","volume":"34","author":"Metcalf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.01.029","article-title":"Inflammatory Response in Chronic Degenerative Endometritis Mares Treated with Platelet-Rich Plasma","volume":"86","author":"Reghini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2020.134688","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Uterine Infusion and Pregnancy Rate in Barren Mares with Chronic Degenerative Endometritis","volume":"23","author":"Carluccio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segabinazzi, L.G.T.M., Canisso, I.F., Podico, G., Cunha, L.L., Novello, G., Rosser, M.F., Loux, S.C., Lima, F.S., and Alvarenga, M.A. (2021). Intrauterine Blood Plasma Platelet-Therapy Mitigates Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis, Reduces Uterine Infections, and Improves Embryo Recovery in Mares. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050490"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.12.001","article-title":"Effect of Platelet Lysate on Uterine Response of Mares Susceptible to Persistent Mating-Induced Endometritis","volume":"179","author":"Colombo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alawadhi, F., Du, H., Cakmak, H., and Taylor, H.S. (2014). Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell (BMDSC) Transplantation Improves Fertility in a Murine Model of Asherman\u2019s Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096662"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.08.032","article-title":"Human CD133+ Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells Promote Endometrial Proliferation in a Murine Model of Asherman Syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Cabanillas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.02.015","article-title":"Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells or Autologous Conditioned Serum to Modulate the Inflammatory Response to Spermatozoa in Mares","volume":"82","author":"Ferris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610544","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.610544","article-title":"Perinatal Derivatives: Where Do We Stand? A Roadmap of the Human Placenta and Consensus for Tissue and Cell Nomenclature","volume":"8","author":"Silini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00160","article-title":"Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset?","volume":"7","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X693699","article-title":"Is Immune Modulation the Mechanism Underlying the Beneficial Effects of Amniotic Cells and Their Derivatives in Regenerative Medicine?","volume":"26","author":"Silini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2610","article-title":"Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mitigate Osteoarthritis Progression in a Synovial Macrophage-Mediated In Vitro Explant Coculture Model","volume":"12","author":"Topoluk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e31","article-title":"Amnion-Derived Multipotent Progenitor Cells Improve Achilles Tendon Repair in Rats","volume":"13","author":"Philip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-865020170205","article-title":"Amniotic Membrane as an Option for Treatment of Acute Achilles Tendon Injury in Rats","volume":"32","author":"Aguiar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Girolamo, L., Ambra, L.F.M., Orfei, C.P., McQuilling, J.P., Kimmerling, K.A., Mowry, K.C., Johnson, K.A., Phan, A.T., Whited, J.L., and Gomoll, A.H. (2019). Treatment with Human Amniotic Suspension Allograft Improves Tendon Healing in a Rat Model of Collagenase-Induced Tendinopathy. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111411"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4497","article-title":"Amniotic Membrane-Derived Stem Cells Help Repair Osteochondral Defect in a Weight-Bearing Area in Rabbits","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0214","article-title":"Conditioned Medium from Horse Amniotic Membrane-Derived Multipotent Progenitor Cells: Immunomodulatory Activity In Vitro and First Clinical Application in Tendon and Ligament Injuries In Vivo","volume":"22","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corradetti, B., Correani, A., Romaldini, A., Marini, M.G., Bizzaro, D., Perrini, C., Cremonesi, F., and Lange-Consiglio, A. (2014). Amniotic Membrane-Derived Mesenchymal Cells and Their Conditioned Media: Potential Candidates for Uterine Regenerative Therapy in the Horse. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111324"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00443","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effects of Conditioned Medium From Amniotic Progenitor Cells In Vitro and In Vivo: Toward Tissue Regenerative Therapies for Bovine Mastitis","volume":"6","author":"Gusmara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"212","article-title":"The Role of Microvesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration; A Dream for Tendon Repair?","volume":"2","author":"Tetta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F31","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00007.2005","article-title":"Administered Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protect against Ischemic Acute Renal Failure through Differentiation-Independent Mechanisms","volume":"289","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L967","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00144.2011","article-title":"Stem Cell Conditioned Medium Improves Acute Lung Injury in Mice: In Vivo Evidence for Stem Cell Paracrine Action","volume":"303","author":"Ionescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007020140","article-title":"Stromal Cells Protect against Acute Tubular Injury via an Endocrine Effect","volume":"18","author":"Bi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2008.02.002","article-title":"Reduction of Myocardial Infarct Size by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Medium","volume":"1","author":"Timmers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.03.019","article-title":"Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Does Not Affect Sperm Parameters and Mitigates Early Endometrial Inflammatory Responses in Mares","volume":"169","author":"Segabinazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0214-y","article-title":"Molecular Signatures of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Tissue Repair","volume":"6","author":"Katsuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24120","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24120","article-title":"Differential and Transferable Modulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on T, B and NK Cell Functions","volume":"6","author":"Bassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717724796","article-title":"MicroRNAs of Equine Amniotic Mesenchymal Cell-Derived Microvesicles and Their Involvement in Anti-Inflammatory Processes","volume":"27","author":"Lazzari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0429-6","article-title":"Microvesicles Secreted from Equine Amniotic-Derived Cells and Their Potential Role in Reducing Inflammation in Endometrial Cells in an In-Vitro Model","volume":"7","author":"Perrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.10136","article-title":"GPX5 Is Present in the Mouse Caput and Cauda Epididymidis Lumen at Three Different Locations","volume":"63","author":"Rejraji","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"182","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles: Roles in Gamete Maturation, Fertilization and Embryo Implantation","volume":"22","author":"Machtinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589117","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.589117","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle Mediated Crosstalk between the Gametes, Conceptus, and Female Reproductive Tract","volume":"7","author":"Qamar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohel, M.M.H., Hoelker, M., Noferesti, S.S., Salilew-Wondim, D., Tholen, E., Looft, C., Rings, F., Uddin, M.J., Spencer, T.E., and Schellander, K. (2013). Exosomal and Non-Exosomal Transport of Extra-Cellular MicroRNAs in Follicular Fluid: Implications for Bovine Oocyte Developmental Competence. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078505"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1521307","article-title":"Critical Roles for Dicer in the Female Germline","volume":"21","author":"Murchison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"682","article-title":"Membrane Transfer from Oocyte to Sperm Occurs in Two CD9-Independent Ways That Do Not Supply the Fertilising Ability of Cd9-Deleted Oocytes","volume":"144","author":"Boissonnas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20121420","article-title":"CD81 and CD9 Work Independently as Extracellular Components upon Fusion of Sperm and Oocyte","volume":"1","author":"Ohnami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12921","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710608105","article-title":"The Fusing Ability of Sperm Is Bestowed by CD9-Containing Vesicles Released from Eggs in Mice","volume":"105","author":"Miyado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.29461","article-title":"Izumo Meets Juno: Preventing Polyspermy in Fertilization","volume":"13","author":"Bianchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dossary, A.A., Strehler, E.E., and Martin-DeLeon, P.A. (2013). Expression and Secretion of Plasma Membrane Ca2+-ATPase 4a (PMCA4a) during Murine Estrus: Association with Oviductal Exosomes and Uptake in Sperm. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080181"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, Y.H., Rome, S., Jalabert, A., Forterre, A., Singh, H., Hincks, C.L., and Salamonsen, L.A. (2013). Endometrial Exosomes\/Microvesicles in the Uterine Microenvironment: A New Paradigm for Embryo-Endometrial Cross Talk at Implantation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058502"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.05.002","article-title":"Uterine Fluid in Pregnancy: A Biological and Clinical Outlook","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.42","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles and Reproduction-Promotion of Successful Pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Tannetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capra, E., and Lange-Consiglio, A. (2020). The Biological Function of Extracellular Vesicles during Fertilization, Early Embryo\u2014Maternal Crosstalk and Their Involvement in Reproduction: Review and Overview. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111510"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"103","article-title":"Embryonic\u2013Maternal Cross-Talk via Exosomes: Potential Implications","volume":"8","author":"Saadeldin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning Adv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.134973","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Originate from the Conceptus and Uterus during Early Pregnancy in Sheep","volume":"94","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00347","article-title":"Case Report: Use of Amniotic Microvesicles for Regenerative Medicine Treatment of a Mare with Chronic Endometritis","volume":"7","author":"Funghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/term.465","article-title":"Characterization and Potential Applications of Progenitor-like Cells Isolated from Horse Amniotic Membrane","volume":"6","author":"Corradetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A Position Statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and Update of the MISEV2014 Guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Witwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canisso, I.F., Segabinazzi, L.G.T.M., and Fedorka, C.E. (2020). Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares\u2014A Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041432"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.054","article-title":"Influence of Different Semen Extenders and Seminal Plasma on PMN Migration and on Expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and COX-2 MRNA in the Equine Endometrium","volume":"70","author":"Palm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.11.008","article-title":"Markers of the Uterine Innate Immune Response of the Mare","volume":"119","author":"Nash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/52.monograph_series1.475","article-title":"Smooth Muscle Electrical Activity in the Oviduct, and the Effect of Oxytocin, Prostaglandin F2\u03b1, and Prostaglandin E2 on the Myometrium and the Oviduct of the Cycling Mare1","volume":"52","author":"Troedsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(91)90358-K","article-title":"The Effect of Uterine Lavage Performed Four Hours Post Insemination on Pregnancy Rate in Mares","volume":"35","author":"Brinsko","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0531.2003.00436.x","article-title":"Laboratory Semen Assessment and Prediction of Fertility: Still Utopia?","volume":"38","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katila, T., and Ferreira-Dias, G. (2022). Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060779"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2019.0013","article-title":"Glycan Profiling Analysis of Equine Amniotic Progenitor Mesenchymal Cells and Their Derived Extracellular Microvesicles","volume":"28","author":"Desantis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2015.0348","article-title":"Equine Amniotic Microvesicles and Their Anti-Inflammatory Potential in a Tenocyte Model In Vitro","volume":"25","author":"Perrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:50:37Z","timestamp":1760122237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065166","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]}}}