{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:56:24Z","timestamp":1790736984410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81774415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81774415"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82174493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174493"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["92249301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92249301"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021JC-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JC-49"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["XAYC210024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XAYC210024"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["81774415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81774415"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["82174493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174493"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["92249301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92249301"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["2021JC-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JC-49"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["XAYC210024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XAYC210024"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Talent Program","award":["81774415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81774415"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Talent Program","award":["82174493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174493"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Talent Program","award":["92249301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92249301"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Talent Program","award":["2021JC-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JC-49"]}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Talent Program","award":["XAYC210024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XAYC210024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a cadre of therapeutic strategies have been made available for CVDs in the clinical setting, predominantly through medication and surgery, these do not fully address the clinical needs of patients with CVD. As a new technique for CVD treatment, nanocarriers are employed to modify and package medications to ease the targeting of tissues, cells and molecules within the cardiovascular system. Nanocarriers are made of biomaterials, metals, or a combination of these materials, with sizes similar to bioactive molecules such as proteins and DNA. Cardiovascular nanomedicine (CVN) has only surfaced in recent years and is still in its infancy. Ample studies have displayed promise for the clinical utility of nanomedicine techniques, courtesy of continued perfection in nanocarrier design to optimize drug delivery and treatment outcomes. Here in this review, we will summarize the research advances in the literature on nanoparticles in the management of CVDs, including ischemic and coronary heart disease (e.g., atherosclerosis, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction), myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, aortic aneurysm, myocarditis, hypertension, and pulmonary artery hypertension and thrombosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T02:33:16Z","timestamp":1678329196000},"page":"5205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Nanoparticles in the New Era of Cardiovascular Therapeutics: Challenges and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2156-5564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingping","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Xi\u2019an Children Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7562-7620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lifang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Xi\u2019an Children Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"145","author":"Tsao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Ma, J., Ji, Z., Shen, J., and Wang, Q. (2021). Recent Advances of Cell Membrane Coated Nanoparticles in Treating Cardiovascular Disorders. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113428"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2020","article-title":"Obesity Cardiomyopathy: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"101","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manners, N., Priya, V., Mehata, A.K., Rawat, M., Mohan, S., Makeen, H.A., Albratty, M., Albarrati, A., Meraya, A.M., and Muthu, M.S. (2022). Theranostic Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Related Diseases: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15040441"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.04.001","article-title":"Nanomedicine Approaches in Vascular Disease: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Drexler, E., Peterson, C., and Pergamit, G. (1991). Unbounding the Future: The Nanotechnology Revolution, William Morrow."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0436-0","article-title":"Application of Targeted Therapy Strategies with Nanomedicine Delivery for Atherosclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"672","article-title":"Curcumin-loaded PEG-PDLLA Nanoparticles for Attenuating Palmitate-induced Oxidative Stress and Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis through AMPK Pathway","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103332","article-title":"Antibacterial and Mechanical Properties of Reduced Graphene-Silver Nanoparticle Nanocomposite Modified Glass Ionomer Cements","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"S911","article-title":"Novel DiR and SPIO Nanoparticles Embedded PEG-PLGA Nanobubbles as a Multimodalimaging Contrast Agent","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00947","article-title":"The Roles of Nanoparticles in Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Wang, D., Huang, L.-H., and Huang, H. (2020). Roles of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular Disease: A New Paradigm for Drug Discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030739"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.06.003","article-title":"Employment of Targeted Nanoparticles for Imaging of Cellular Processes in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"66","author":"Modak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101337","article-title":"Rational Design and In-Vivo Estimation of Ivabradine Hydrochloride Loaded Nanoparticles for Management of Stable Angina","volume":"54","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2015.1052472","article-title":"Development, Optimization, and Characterization of Polymeric Electrospun Nanofiber: A New Attempt in Sublingual Delivery of Nicorandil for the Management of Angina Pectoris","volume":"44","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.08.009","article-title":"Prolonged Vasodilatory Response to Nanoencapsulated Sildenafil in Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Hecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.06.010","article-title":"Aortic Plaque-Targeted Andrographolide Delivery with Oxidation-Sensitive Micelle Effectively Treats Atherosclerosis via Simultaneous ROS Capture and Anti-Inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.01.018","article-title":"Co-Delivery of Curcumin and MiRNA-144-3p Using Heart-Targeted Extracellular Vesicles Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy for Myocardial Infarction","volume":"331","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S257906","article-title":"Poly(Acrylic Acid)-Modified MoS2 Nanoparticle-Based Transdermal Delivery of Atenolol","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-016-9684-2","article-title":"A New NO-Releasing Nanoformulation for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33862","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c07821","article-title":"\u201cPlug and Play\u201d Functionalized Erythrocyte Nanoplatform for Target Atherosclerosis Management","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601286","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201601286","article-title":"Methotraxate-Loaded Hybrid Nanoconstructs Target Vascular Lesions and Inhibit Atherosclerosis Progression in ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"6","author":"Stigliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175238","article-title":"Alleviation of Cardiac Fibrosis Using Acellular Peritoneal Matrix-Loaded Pirfenidone Nanodroplets after Myocardial Infarction in Rats","volume":"933","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83423-6","article-title":"Studies on Metal\u2013Organic Framework (MOF) Nanomedicine Preparations of Sildenafil for the Future Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200703203","article-title":"Virion-Mimicking Nanocapsules from PH-Controlled Hierarchical Self-Assembly for Gene Delivery","volume":"47","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21036","article-title":"Biodegradable Cationic Polyester as an Efficient Carrier for Gene Delivery to Neonatal Cardiomyocytes","volume":"95","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.11.022","article-title":"Effects of Electrically Conductive Nano-Biomaterials on Regulating Cardiomyocyte Behavior for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration","volume":"139","author":"Morsink","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36258-w","article-title":"Quantifying PON1 on HDL with Nanoparticle-Gated Electrokinetic Membrane Sensor for Accurate Cardiovascular Risk Assessment","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, T.A., Hsu, C.-C., Meeson, A., and Lundy, D.J. (2022). Nanocarrier-Based Targeted Therapies for Myocardial Infarction. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14050930"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1414","article-title":"Vascular-Targeted Nanocarriers: Design Considerations and Strategies for Successful Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Other Vascular Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Kelley","year":"2016","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.101461","article-title":"Peptide-Based Nanosystems for Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Targeting: A Real Opportunity for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents in Inflammation Associated Disorders","volume":"55","author":"Ailuno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2018.12.014","article-title":"Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant Delivery for Precise Treatment of Myocardial Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury through a Multistage Continuous Targeted Strategy","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR09934D","article-title":"Dual-Peptide Functionalized Acetalated Dextran-Based Nanoparticles for Sequential Targeting of Macrophages during Myocardial Infarction","volume":"12","author":"Torrieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.53644","article-title":"Dual-Ligand Supramolecular Nanofibers Inspired by the Renin-Angiotensin System for the Targeting and Synergistic Therapy of Myocardial Infarction","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.13352","article-title":"EMMPRIN-Targeted Magnetic Nanoparticles for In Vivo Visualization and Regression of Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"6","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315404","article-title":"Targeted Molecular Imaging of Cardiovascular Diseases by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"41","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastorino, S., Baldassari, S., Ailuno, G., Zuccari, G., Drava, G., Petretto, A., Cossu, V., Marini, C., Alfei, S., and Florio, T. (2021). Two Novel PET Radiopharmaceuticals for Endothelial Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Targeting. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13071025"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800133","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.201800133","article-title":"A Self-Assembled Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Imaging and Therapy of Cardiac Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"2","author":"Ziegler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2011.01.008","article-title":"Targeted Nanocarriers for Imaging and Therapy of Vascular Inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Chacko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/02184923221087003","article-title":"Applications of Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular Imaging and Therapeutics","volume":"30","author":"Oey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202169","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202202169","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00897-2","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Inflammation Mitigation Enabled by Biomimetic Prussian Blue Analogues Boycott Atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16439-7","article-title":"Treatment of Atherosclerosis by Macrophage-Biomimetic Nanoparticles via Targeted Pharmacotherapy and Sequestration of Proinflammatory Cytokines","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8943","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b02037","article-title":"Targeted Therapy of Atherosclerosis by a Broad-Spectrum Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Nanoparticle with Intrinsic Anti-Inflammatory Activity","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4068","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201913700","article-title":"Molecularly Engineered Macrophage-Derived Exosomes with Inflammation Tropism and Intrinsic Heme Biosynthesis for Atherosclerosis Treatment","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47841","article-title":"Macrophage Membrane Functionalized Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Anti-Atherosclerosis Applications","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01076","article-title":"Polymeric Vector-Mediated Targeted Delivery of Anti-PAK1 SiRNA to Macrophages for Efficient Atherosclerosis Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.66456","article-title":"Plaque-Targeted, Proteolysis-Resistant, Activatable and MRI-Visible Nano-GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Targets Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation in Atherosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Maiseyeu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2201443119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201443119","article-title":"Scavenger Receptor-Targeted Plaque Delivery of MicroRNA-Coated Nanoparticles for Alleviating Atherosclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120810","article-title":"MiR-145 Micelles Mitigate Atherosclerosis by Modulating Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype","volume":"273","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM00418A","article-title":"Biomimetic Oral Targeted Delivery of Bindarit for Immunotherapy of Atherosclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10231","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.48410","article-title":"Bifunctional Supramolecular Nanofiber Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Enhancing Plaque Stability and Anti-Inflammation in ApoE-\/- Mice","volume":"10","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10197","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10197","article-title":"Engineered Macrophage Membrane-enveloped Nanomedicine for Ameliorating Myocardial Infarction in a Mouse Model","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106072","article-title":"Melatonin-Based Therapeutics for Atherosclerotic Lesions and beyond: Focusing on Macrophage Mitophagy","volume":"176","author":"Ajoolabady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190301143952","article-title":"Atherosclerosis and Nanomedicine Potential: Current Advances and Future Opportunities","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900066","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201900066","article-title":"Peptide Amphiphile Supramolecular Nanostructures as a Targeted Therapy for Atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Mansukhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110660","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202110660","article-title":"Targeting the Microenvironment of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques: An Emerging Diagnosis and Therapy Strategy for Atherosclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrer, M.C.C., Shuvaev, V.V., Zern, B.J., Composto, R.J., Muzykantov, V.R., and Eckmann, D.M. (2014). Icam-1 Targeted Nanogels Loaded with Dexamethasone Alleviate Pulmonary Inflammation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102329"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.01.024","article-title":"A Metal-Organic Framework-Based Immunomodulatory Nanoplatform for Anti-Atherosclerosis Treatment","volume":"354","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314661","article-title":"Angina: Contemporary Diagnosis and Management","volume":"106","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.222","article-title":"HDL and Cardiovascular Disease: Atherogenic and Atheroprotective Mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Navab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2744-6","article-title":"Lyophilized Hybrid Nanostructured Lipid Carriers to Enhance the Cellular Uptake of Verapamil: Statistical Optimization and In Vitro Evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S98815","article-title":"Preparation of Liposomal Amiodarone and Investigation of Its Cardiomyocyte-Targeting Ability in Cardiac Radiofrequency Ablation Rat Model","volume":"11","author":"Zhuge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.086","article-title":"Av\u03b23 Integrin Receptor Specific Peptide Modified, Salvianolic Acid B and Panax Notoginsenoside Loaded Nanomedicine for the Combination Therapy of Acute Myocardial Ischemia","volume":"96","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38562","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c11117","article-title":"Myocardium-Targeted Micelle Nanomedicine That Salvages the Heart from Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.12.41","article-title":"Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Therapy: Recent Advancements","volume":"10","author":"Binsalamah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2280","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of PEGylated Graphene Quantum Dot on Arrhythmias Induced by Myocardial Infarction","volume":"69","author":"Rostamzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00732","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Responsive Nanomedicine for Solving Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin, E.J., Blaha, M.J., Chiuve, S.E., Cushman, M., Das, S.R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S.D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., and Gillespie, C. (2017). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 135.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000491"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.08.020","article-title":"Reperfusion Injury and Reactive Oxygen Species: The Evolution of a Concept","volume":"6","author":"Granger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102919","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102919","article-title":"Injectable Nanocomposite Implants Reduce ROS Accumulation and Improve Heart Function after Infarction","volume":"8","author":"Shilo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1159\/000492409","article-title":"Pharmacological Signatures of the Exenatide Nanoparticles Complex Against Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.11.032","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg3-Loaded, Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles for Alleviating Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"317","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003697","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003697","article-title":"Hydrogen Peroxide-Responsive Nanoparticle Reduces Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"5","author":"Bae","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5061404","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Dual Delivery of an Antioxidant and a Peptide against the L-Type Ca2+ Channel Enables Simultaneous Reduction of Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"9","author":"Hardy","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy200","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Targeting Nanomedicine Promotes Cardiac Healing after Acute Myocardial Infarction by Skewing Monocyte\/Macrophage Polarization in Preclinical Animal Models","volume":"115","author":"Tokutome","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66459-8","article-title":"Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"365","author":"Sakalihasan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshimura, K., Aoki, H., Teruyama, C., Iijima, M., Tsutsumi, H., Kuroda, S., and Hamano, K. (2020). A Novel Hybrid Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Aortic Aneurysms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155538"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuhara, N., Honda, Y., Ukita, N., Matsui, M., Miura, Y., and Hoshina, K. (2020). Efficient Suppression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion in Rats through Systemic Administration of Statin-Loaded Nanomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228702"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.54379","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Pitavastatin to Monocytes\/Macrophages Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Apoe \u2212\/\u2212 Mice","volume":"29","author":"Katsuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112492","article-title":"Bioinspired Macrophage-Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Nanomedicine: A Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Myocarditis","volume":"131","author":"Toita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.03.003","article-title":"Human VIP-\u03b1: A Long-Acting, Biocompatible and Biodegradable Peptide Nanomedicine for Essential Hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/21691401.2016.1138486","article-title":"Invasomes of Isradipine for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery against Hypertension: Formulation, Characterization, and in Vivo Pharmacodynamic Study","volume":"45","author":"Qadri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00890","article-title":"Nanotherapeutics for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.01.011","article-title":"Liposomal Fasudil, a Rho-Kinase Inhibitor, for Prolonged Pulmonary Preferential Vasodilation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"167","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09407","article-title":"Self-Guiding Polymeric Prodrug Micelles with Two Aggregation-Induced Emission Photosensitizers for Enhanced Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"15","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b01798","article-title":"Sequentially Site-Specific Delivery of Thrombolytics and Neuroprotectant for Enhanced Treatment of Ischemic Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b01772","article-title":"Erythrocyte Membrane Modified Janus Polymeric Motors for Thrombus Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.09.055","article-title":"Targeted Endothelial Nanomedicine for Common Acute Pathological Conditions","volume":"219","author":"Shuvaev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109601","article-title":"Long-Term Administration of Low-Dose Selenium Nanoparticles with Different Sizes Aggravated Atherosclerotic Lesions and Exhibited Toxicity in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice","volume":"347","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.013","article-title":"Targeting Drug Delivery in the Vascular System: Focus on Endothelium","volume":"157","author":"Glassman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3693","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c00281","article-title":"Nanomaterials to Resolve Atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5205\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:51:15Z","timestamp":1760122275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/6\/5205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms24065205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]}}}