{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:52:11Z","timestamp":1790391131520,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Social Fund","award":["POWR.03.02.00-00-I009\/17-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.02.00-00-I009\/17-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was performed to synthesize a radiopharmaceutical designed for multimodal hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment involving radionuclide therapy and magnetic hyperthermia. To achieve this goal, the superparamagnetic iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles (SPIONs) were covered with a layer of radioactive gold (198Au) creating core\u2013shell nanoparticles (SPION@Au). The synthesized SPION@Au nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic properties with a saturation magnetization of 50 emu\/g, which is lower than reported for uncoated SPIONs (83 emu\/g). Nevertheless, the SPION@Au core\u2013shell nanoparticles showed a sufficiently high saturation magnetization value which allows them to reach a temperature of 43 \u00b0C at a magnetic field frequency of 386 kHz. The cytotoxic effect of nonradioactive and radioactive SPION@Au\u2013polyethylene glycol (PEG) bioconjugates was carried out by treating HepG2 cells with various concentrations (1.25\u2013100.00 \u00b5g\/mL) of the compound and radioactivity in range of 1.25\u201320 MBq\/mL. The moderate cytotoxic effect of nonradioactive SPION@Au-PEG bioconjugates on HepG2 was observed. The cytotoxic effect associated with the \u03b2\u2212 radiation emitted by 198Au was much greater and already reaches a cell survival fraction below 8% for 2.5 MBq\/mL of radioactivity after 72 h. Thus, the killing of HepG2 cells in HCC therapy should be possible due to the combination of the heat-generating properties of the SPION-198Au\u2013PEG conjugates and the radiotoxicity of the radiation emitted by 198Au.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T02:30:33Z","timestamp":1678415433000},"page":"5282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["198Au-Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Dual Magnetic Hyperthermia and Radionuclide Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nasrin Abbasi","family":"Gharibkandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7121-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u017buk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fazilet Zumrut Biber","family":"Muftuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Applications Department, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Ege University, 35040 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Wawrowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3104-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"\u017belechowska-Matysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2490-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Bilewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16 St., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2022.03.079","article-title":"Advanced radionuclides in diagnosis and therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. 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